Suggests that the central focus of the article by Raver and Leadbeter (PS 521 712) in this issue is the ways individuals know. Examines two ways of knowing, verbal responses to questions and action without verbal response; and outlines a four-level developmental sequence of knowing that develops from one's own knowing to having a perspective on…

The purpose of this paper is to outline some application of the Markov Process to the study of state and state changes. The essence of this mathematical concept consists of the analysis of sequences of infant responses in interaction with its environment. Categories can be defined which reflect the joint occurrence of an infant's behavior (or…

This paper discusses the learning process from a socioemotional point of view, emphasizing the role of conservation skills. (SB)

The most impressive class difference in one-year-old infants revealed by this study was that lower-class infants vocalized considerably less in the playroom than did middle-class infants. (Authors)

Three-year-old children and their families were observed during a dinner time situation in which all family members were present. Study results suggest how the mealtime experience, filled with information concerning sex-role behavior, social manners and habits, and interpersonal relations between parents and children, is a central multifaceted…

This study of 12 white, upper-middle-class mothers and their children was conducted to provide information on how verbal aspects of mother-child interaction are differentiated by sex of the child. Results suggest greater verbal quantity and responsivity for mother-female compared with mother-male dyads. (Author/SB)

This document reports on a cross-cultural study of mother-infant interactions. Focus is on the issue of variance and invariance in these interactions across cultures. American and Yugoslavia mother-infant pairs were observed over long periods of time in a naturalistic setting. Also, available data on Dutch, Zambian, and Sengalese mothers and…

The early communication network existing between a mother and her 12-week-old infant was explored. Over 50 infants of both sexes from a variety of social classes were seen in their homes, and a wide variety of maternal and infant behaviors were studied. Of special interest was the vocalization-in-communication data. The results indicate a lawful,…