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Bruininks, Robert H.; Clark, Charlotte – 1970
To determine the efficacy of auditory, visual and combined auditory-visual modes of presenting verbal material, 12 first-grade, 12 third-grade and 12 fifth-grade children were tested on paired associates lists presented under visual, auditory and combined auditory-visual conditions. Pictures rather than printed words were used as visual stimuli to…
Descriptors: Auditory Stimuli, Aural Learning, Elementary Education, Learning Modalities

Fleet, Laura A. – Journal of Negro Education, 1980
Explored the relative effectiveness of four modes of delivery (live, video-audio, audio, and manuscript) on content retention among Black college students. Did not find significant differences in retention among the four experimental groups. Attributes the absence of differences to the small amount retained in general. (GC)
Descriptors: Auditory Stimuli, Aural Learning, Black Students, College Students