The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that coding (black and white or color) has on the achievement of students categorized as field dependent (FD) and field independent (FI) learners and to determine if there was any interaction between these variables (field dependency and color) across both visually and verbally oriented tests…

This investigation evaluated performance of university students on visual and nonvisual versions of an achievement test. Two experimental designs assessed the effects and interactions between visual and nonvisual instructional modes, order of drawing test (before or after verbal/visual achievement test), and mode of drawing test (verbal cued or…

This study investigated effects of rehearsal strategies and immediate test formats on delayed retention and effectiveness of visualization on material acquisition and retrieval. Findings indicate different rehearsal methods have different effects in facilitating delayed retention. Information acquisition is facilitated by visualization, although…