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Direct linkMenold, Natalja – Field Methods, 2023
While numerical bipolar rating scales may evoke positivity bias, little is known about the corresponding bias in verbal bipolar rating scales. The choice of verbalization of the middle category may lead to response bias, particularly if it is not in line with the scale polarity. Unipolar and bipolar seven-category rating scales in which the…
Descriptors: Rating Scales, Test Bias, Verbal Tests, Responses
Lantsoght, Eva O. L. – Studies in Higher Education, 2023
The doctoral defence is the oral examination of the doctoral thesis. While it is a major milestone for doctoral candidates, this event is often shrouded in mystery. In this article, I explore the doctoral defence from an international perspective. I have studied the format of the defence based on written testimonies as well as the literature on…
Descriptors: Doctoral Dissertations, Doctoral Students, Verbal Tests, Discourse Analysis
Schaefer, Blanca; Fricke, Silke; Szczerbinski, Marcin; Fox-Boyer, Annette V.; Stackhouse, Joy; Wells, Bill – Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2009
The development of phonological awareness (PA), the ability to reflect on the sound structure of words independent of their meaning, has been extensively explored in English-speaking children. However, this is not the case for other languages. The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive PA test battery for German-speaking preschool…
Descriptors: German, Phonological Awareness, Test Construction, Verbal Tests
Krampen, Gunter – Educational Psychology, 2010
The effects of relaxation exercises on orthography performance in language arts education of fifth to seventh graders were experimentally tested. Participants were 399 basic secondary school students and their language arts teachers from the Hauptschule, a German type of secondary education covering grades five to nine that leads to a basic…
Descriptors: Experimental Groups, Control Groups, Verbal Communication, Language Arts
Peer reviewedMuller-Solger, Hermann – Unterrichtspraxis, 1975
A comparison of literature examination procedures in North American and German universities shows the German "Staatsexamen" to be an outdated and elitist form of testing. Types of classroom, take-home and oral examinations are discussed. (CHK)
Descriptors: Comparative Education, English Literature, Essay Tests, Evaluation Methods
