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Lehrer, Richard – Statistics Education Research Journal, 2017
Grade 6 (modal age 11) students invented and revised models of the variability generated as each measured the perimeter of a table in their classroom. To construct models, students represented variability as a linear composite of true measure (signal) and multiple sources of random error. Students revised models by developing sampling…
Descriptors: Models, Statistics, Statistical Inference, Mathematics Instruction
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Nezhnov, Peter; Kardanova, Elena; Vasilyeva, Marina; Ludlow, Larry – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2015
The present study tested the possibility of operationalizing levels of knowledge acquisition based on Vygotsky's theory of cognitive growth. An assessment tool (SAM-Math) was developed to capture a hypothesized hierarchical structure of mathematical knowledge consisting of procedural, conceptual, and functional levels. In Study 1, SAM-Math was…
Descriptors: Knowledge Level, Mathematics, Cognitive Development, Vertical Organization