This article examines whether centrally developed initiatives at the state level have an impact on how districts in the U.S. think about their role in providing direction and support for student learning, and also examines how districts view the strategies that state governments use to initiate change at the local level. Our focus is on smaller…

This paper provides a means of quickly ascertaining the relative health of smaller academic libraries by presenting a top ten list of vitality indicators. The list is based on an observational convenience sampling of thirty smaller academic libraries across the United States. The indicators making the list were those which appeared most often in…

The hierarchy of positions in an educational organization makes it possible to have an orderly career, which is traced out through a series of related positions. A differentiated salary schedule provides the incentive to pursue an orderly career. Barriers to an orderly career are of five types: assessment, education, seniority, experience, and…