Learning through the use of symbols presupposes the ability to think visually, including the perception, structuring, processing, and transformation of visual images. Since children process high volumes of visual messages, especially via television, schools should restructure curricula to include objectives in visual literacy, specifically the…

Several theoretical issues are reviewed which address the pictorial vs. verbal characteristics of media and provide a beginning framework for understanding how these influence learning. (STS)

An experiment conducted to test whether the edited insertion of cutaways in have a measurable effect on the viewer's perceptions of the performer involved. (Author)

This annotated bibliography lists sources which attempt to define the boundaries of visual literacy and the possible relationship between the development of visual skills and verbal skills, particularly with regard to reading. The contents are divided into four sections: (1) references on nonverbal communication; (2) general reading on visual…

A study was undertaken to test the assumption that students will interact with illustrations in textbooks, workbooks, and programed units; and that this interaction will facilitate learning. Eight test groups were compared with a group that had only verbal symbols to learn from. These groups had, in addition to the verbal descriptions, the black…

The unique capabilities of film and research findings in educational psychology, learning psychology, and cost effectiveness indicate that film is an asset to the educational process. Sufficient resources and continued training should be provided to enable teachers to use the most effective film at the optimal time. (CMV)

This study compares three multi-stage versions of a tape-slide presentation with a parallel single image format. Multi-image treatments differed in the amount of time two images were simultaneously in view. (Author)

In order to investigate the relative effectiveness of specific media attributes on student performance on criterion tests, a comparison was made of the effectiveness of two levels of stimulus explicitness in visuals in facilitating student achievement on criterion tests of knowledge, comprehension, and total understanding. Subjects were 171…

College student subjects were presented one of four versions of a simulated news broadcast. Audio-plus-print elicited the highest recall scores. Print alone generated more involvement than videotape or audio-plus-print.

This paper reviews research on pictorial stimulus complexity in instructional materials, examining still iconic visuals in particular. Five phases are proposed to assist in the integration of this research for generating useful hypotheses: (1) establishment of methodological and conceptual criteria; (2) collection of relevant literature; (3)…

This discussion of the information-processing model of learning as it relates to research in educational media traces research in conceptual organization to its beginnings in mathematical models of information-processing; addresses research hypotheses concerning structure and organization, processes and processing systems, and perceptual cues; and…

The purpose of this study was to measure and analyze viewers' electroencephalographic reactions to motion and still pictures, and to increase knowledge on the differential impact of the two modes on brain wave production. Since beta brain wave indicates focused attention, an additional purpose was to determine whether the two media differed…

The multiple image presentation format investigated in this research review refers in most cases to the use of more than one image, with or without audio synchronization, on a single screen or multiple screens, with slides or any appropriate media mix to accomplish a predetermined learning task. Studies reviewed are divided into three categories:…