One core question in studies of language processing is the extent to which interlocutors engage in real-time communicative perspective-taking. Current evidence suggests that both children and young adult listeners are able to draw on common ground (shared knowledge) to guide referential interpretation. However, less is known about older listeners,…

Levels of independent variable(s) are often mixed within each block of trials rather than each level being presented in a separate block in research of various types. Two experiments involving tasks of a visual nature were conducted to demonstrate that such mixing can easily obscure the effects of principal interest. A target circle was projected…

The relationship between visual and auditory performance and reading achievement came under scrutiny in this study. It was thought that both poor and average readers would perform better on auditory tasks than on visual ones but that this discrepancy would be considerably greater for the poor or retarded reader. Seventy-two children from grades 1,…