In the current study we used the gaze-contingent moving window paradigm to directly compare the second language (L2) English perceptual span of two groups that speak languages with essentially the same lexicon and grammar but crucially with different writing directions (and scripts): Hindi (read left to right) and Urdu (read right to left). This…

A writer's L1 is generally believed to influence their L2 English writing significantly. However, the extent to which L1 backgrounds influence Asian learners' L2 English writing has not been wholly elucidated due to the lack of data covering various learners in Asia. Therefore, this study analysed more than one-million-word essays written by 2,318…

Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have…

Orthographic knowledge in Chinese was hypothesized to affect elementary Chinese text comprehension (four essays) by 80 twelve-year-old ethnic alphasyllabary language users compared with 74 native Chinese speakers at similar reading level. This was tested with two rapid automatized naming tasks; two working memory tasks; three orthographic…

This is a self-teaching textbook for learning Hindustani, based on the principle of exposure to the target language and practice. It is part of a series originally prepared for the Armed Forces and now offered to the public. The emphasis is on speaking rather than on reading or writing. The text is designed to be used with a native speaker of…

This is the third of three volumes intended to be used as pedagogical materials in advanced Urdu courses at Western colleges and universities. An optional set of tape recordings and an optional set of 35mm slides accompany the three-volume work. Volume III first includes an appendix describing the phonemic alphabet (with rough correspondences to…

This wordbook was prepared to help carry out the policy of the Agency for International Development to encourage Americans stationed abroad to learn the official language at their duty post. The book is intended to be a supplemental text for both private individual study and formal classroom instruction. The bulk of the publication is made up of…