A recent International Labour Organization (ILO) report has documented the limited opportunities for women in the labour market (ILO, 2016). The report shows that women face higher unemployment and underemployment than men, are more often employed in the informal labour market and in family enterprises, and are overrepresented in lower skill…

A study of apprenticeship systems in a large number of foreign countries revealed considerable interest in expanding and improving apprenticeship systems, both as initial training systems and as a way of easing the transition from school to work and relieving youth unemployment. The American apprenticeship system differs from those of other…

This paper provides an overview of the occupational regulation system, particularly licensure, in order that vocational educators may provide input into the regulative process and adequate information to students. The purpose and background of the licensure regulation process are traced. The function and workings of licensing boards are discussed.…

Rural high school girls face a strong home-versus-career conflict stemming from traditional rural values and myths about women. They also face the reality of few local job opportunities, due to rural economic and value structures and to occupational sex-stereotyping. For the most part, rural secondary vocational education maintains its…

The 107 California Community Colleges (CCC) are organized into 9 regions, each served by a regional Gender Equity/Single Parent Coordinator. The role of the coordinators is to improve communications and facilitate resource sharing among the colleges within their region in order to address the needs of and expand services provided to single parents…

The impetus for developing a model to retrain women teachers and skilled women to become teachers in traditionally male-intensive secondary vocational education has emerged from a combination of problems and issues. The most pertinent of these involve the factors of supply and demand, coupled with the need to reduce sex stereotyping and bias in…

This document is one of three publications designed to establish guidelines for the elimination of sex bias and sex stereotyping and the establishment of sex fairness in vocational education programs in Colorado. As an administrative reference, it provides background material about the problem and a plan of action for correcting it for school and…

This document is a compilation of manuscripts describing seven programs which received the 1976 American College Testing Program and the National University Extension Association Innovative Awards in Continuing Education for making innovative contributions to the improvement of continuing education. Entry manuscripts for each of the following…