Background: A growing number of surveys are conducted online where respondents can choose to complete the questionnaire (Lehdonvirta et al., 2020). As respondents are self-selected, there is potential that the respondents will not be an accurate representation of the population. For example, white people are disproportionately more likely to…

It is known that interventions are hard to assign randomly to subjects in social psychological studies, because randomized control is difficult to implement strictly and precisely. Thus, in nonexperimental studies and observational studies, controlling the impact of covariates on the dependent variables and addressing the robustness of the…

The purpose of this study is to study the performance of different methods (inverse probability weighting and estimation of informative bounds) to control for differential attrition by comparing the results of different methods using two datasets: an original dataset from Portland Public Schools (PPS) subject to high rates of differential…

Inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimates are widely used in applications where data are missing due to nonresponse or censoring or in observational studies of causal effects where the counterfactuals cannot be observed. This extensive literature has shown the estimators to be consistent and asymptotically normal under very general conditions,…

This study introduces a new set of weighting procedures for revealing the mediation mechanism in multi-level settings. These methods are illustrated through an investigation of whether the impact of a system-wide policy change on student outcomes is mediated by policy-induced peer composition change. When the policy changed not only…

Scholars have identified mathematics gender gaps favoring males as early as kindergarten or first grade, particularly at the top of the achievement distribution (Penner & Paret, 2008; Rathbun, West & Germino-Hausken, 2004; Robinson & Lubienski, 2011). These relatively small achievement disparities precede larger differences in…