Contemporary literature treats old age pessimistically. Literary portrayals emphasize the difficulty of living a meaningful life when self-worth and the will to live are undermined by the way the old are treated. The isolated elderly live lives without pleasure or hope. (Author)

Children with infantile autism display characteristics and behaviors that severely limit their growth and functioning on many levels. Research is reviewed in which principles of operant conditioning are implemented in procedures designed to investigate and/or modify the autistic child's behavior in the following areas: (a) social interaction, (b)…

Sources in this revised annotated bibliography are compiled for elementary, secondary, and college level teachers interested in the identification and instruction of reticent students. The 19 citations refer to sources on communication apprehension and shyness in addition to reticence. (JC)