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Common Modality Effects in Immediate Free Recall and Immediate Serial Recall
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Grenfell-Essam, Rachel; Ward, Geoff; Tan, Lydia – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2017
In 2 experiments, participants were presented with lists of between 2 and 12 words for either immediate free recall (IFR) or immediate serial recall (ISR). Auditory recall advantages at the end of the list (modality effects) and visual recall advantages early in the list (inverse modality effects) were observed in both tasks and the extent and…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Memorization, Word Lists, Learning Modalities
Near-Independent Capacities and Highly Constrained Output Orders in the Simultaneous Free Recall of Auditory-Verbal and Visuo-Spatial Stimuli
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Cortis Mack, Cathleen; Dent, Kevin; Ward, Geoff – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Three experiments examined the immediate free recall (IFR) of auditory-verbal and visuospatial materials from single-modality and dual-modality lists. In Experiment 1, we presented participants with between 1 and 16 spoken words, with between 1 and 16 visuospatial dot locations, or with between 1 and 16 words "and" dots with synchronized…
Descriptors: Input Output Analysis, Recall (Psychology), Auditory Stimuli, Verbal Stimuli
Why Do Participants Initiate Free Recall of Short Lists of Words with the First List Item? Toward a General Episodic Memory Explanation
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Spurgeon, Jessica; Ward, Geoff; Matthews, William J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
Participants who are presented with a short list of words for immediate free recall (IFR) show a strong tendency to initiate their recall with the 1st list item and then proceed in forward serial order. We report 2 experiments that examined whether this tendency was underpinned by a short-term memory store, of the type that is argued by some to…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Word Lists, Memory, College Students
Beginning at the Beginning: Recall Order and the Number of Words to Be Recalled
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Tan, Lydia; Ward, Geoff; Paulauskaite, Laura; Markou, Maria – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
When participants are asked to recall a short list of words in any order that they like, they tend to initiate recall with the first list item and proceed in forward order, even when this is not a task requirement. The current research examined whether this tendency might be influenced by varying the number of items that are to be recalled. In 3…
Descriptors: College Students, Psychology, Majors (Students), Foreign Countries
The Role of Rehearsal on the Output Order of Immediate Free Recall of Short and Long Lists
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Grenfell-Essam, Rachel; Ward, Geoff; Tan, Lydia – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2013
Participants tend to initiate immediate free recall (IFR) of short lists of words with the very first word on the list. Three experiments examined whether rehearsal is necessary for this recent finding. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with lists of between 2 and 12 words for IFR at a fast, medium, or slow rate, with and without…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Recall (Psychology), Review (Reexamination), Repetition
Examining the Relationship between Immediate Serial Recall and Immediate Free Recall: Common Effects of Phonological Loop Variables but Only Limited Evidence for the Phonological Loop
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Spurgeon, Jessica; Ward, Geoff; Matthews, William J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
We examined the contribution of the phonological loop to immediate free recall (IFR) and immediate serial recall (ISR) of lists of between one and 15 words. Following Baddeley (1986, 2000, 2007, 2012), we assumed that visual words could be recoded into the phonological store when presented silently but that recoding would be prevented by…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Word Lists, Visual Stimuli, Cognitive Processes