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Download full textChoi, Ikkyu; Hao, Jiangang; Deane, Paul; Zhang, Mo – ETS Research Report Series, 2021
"Biometrics" are physical or behavioral human characteristics that can be used to identify a person. It is widely known that keystroke or typing dynamics for short, fixed texts (e.g., passwords) could serve as a behavioral biometric. In this study, we investigate whether keystroke data from essay responses can lead to a reliable…
Descriptors: Accuracy, High Stakes Tests, Writing Tests, Benchmarking
Breland, Hunter; Lee, Yong-Won; Muraki, Eiji – ETS Research Report Series, 2004
Eighty-three Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (TOEFL®) CBT writing prompts that were administered between July 1998 and August 2000 were examined in order to identify differences in scores that could be attributed to the response mode chosen by examinees (handwritten or word processed). Differences were examined statistically using…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Cues
Wolfe, Edward W.; Manalo, Jonathan R. – ETS Research Report Series, 2005
This study examined scores from 133,906 operationally scored Test of English as a Foreign Language™ (TOEFL®) essays to determine whether the choice of composition medium has any impact on score quality for subgroups of test-takers. Results of analyses demonstrate that (a) scores assigned to word-processed essays are slightly more reliable than…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Scores
