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Pinyin Invented Spelling in Mandarin Chinese-Speaking Children with and without Reading Difficulties
Ding, Yi; Liu, Ru-De; McBride, Catherine; Zhang, Dake – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2015
This study examined analytical pinyin (a phonological coding system for teaching pronunciation and lexical tones of Chinese characters) skills in 54 Mandarin-speaking fourth graders by using an invented spelling instrument that tapped into syllable awareness, phoneme awareness, lexical tones, and tone sandhi in Chinese. Pinyin invented spelling…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Elementary School Students, Grade 4, Intelligence Tests

Poskiparta, Elisa; Niemi, Pekka; Vauras, Marja – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1999
Twenty-six Finnish at-risk first-graders received practice in linguistic awareness. When compared to controls on phonological awareness, listening comprehension, and WISC-R scores, the intervention group showed a more rapid building-up of phonological awareness, especially phoneme-blending ability, as well as superiority in word recognition,…
Descriptors: Dyslexia, Early Intervention, Foreign Countries, Grade 1

Gallistel, Elizabeth – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1973
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Criterion Referenced Tests, Diagnostic Tests, Exceptional Child Research