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Direct linkBailey, Tamba-Kuii M.; Chung, Y. Barry; Williams, Wendi S.; Singh, Anneliese A.; Terrell, Heather K. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2011
This article describes the development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS) for Black individuals in 2 studies using a total sample of 468 Black college students. The IROS is intended to measure the degree to which racial oppression is internalized and replicated by Black individuals in the United States. An…
Descriptors: Stereotypes, College Students, Factor Structure, Racial Identification
DeCuir-Gunby, Jessica T. – Review of Educational Research, 2009
The purpose of this article is to provide a review and etiology of research on racial identity development of African American adolescents in the field of education. This review explores the Black racial identity (BRI) literature, focusing on how BRI has been examined. In particular, the review concentrates on the literature's use of surveying…
Descriptors: Racial Identification, Adolescents, Etiology, Psychometrics
