Suggests that the prewriting phase of the writing process is the most important and that a promising approach to the prewriting phase for students with learning difficulties is called Web-making (also called cognitive mapping, idea mapping, patterned note taking, construct procedure, graphic overview, networking, flowcharting, and semantic…

Argues that the metaphor of writing as cognitive mapping can serve not as a basis for a new model or theory of writing, but as an attitudinal guide for concerns with writing and instruction. Notes that the term "cognitive mapping" suggests that the mental world can be seen metaphorically as a physical world. (RS)

Research was conducted to develop learning environments based on CD-ROM and printed material specifically for vocational secondary students with reading and writing difficulties. Parties to the action research were Austria, the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Finland. Finnish partners concentrated on learning environments that would diversify and…