The purpose of this study is to compare the capacity of students to write Makassar Lontara script before and after utilizing the letter card medium. This investigation used three steps: pre-test, therapy, and posttest. This study included fifty public Yunior High School students in the Makassar city, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Participatory…

French teaching in Ottoman Turkey found its actual speed with the Tanzimat period (the political reforms made in the ottoman state in 1839). Until the proclamation of the Republic, and even until the 1950s, French was considered the leading carrier of Western culture and civilization in Turkey, and teaching French was deemed necessary. However, it…

Calligraphic culture in education had a long tradition in the Hispanic World. This entailed the cultivation of specific forms of script to the detriment of others. Since the late eighteenth century, discussions about the shape of letters and the differences between different alphabets were associated with national characters. The "letra…

This study investigated the recall of words learned through two deliberate learning techniques, word cards and list learning. While the literature points to word cards as being more effective, Japanese learners of English are seen to prefer list learning, which may indicate unique learning styles stemming from a non-alphabetic L1. To test the…

Materials for teaching the Lakhota language, developed by the University of Colorado Lakhota Project, are written in a special new orthography. A careful description of and uses for this orthography are presented in this article. (Author/AH)

VOLUME TWO, UNITS 16 THROUGH 25, CONTINUE THIS INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN URDU. THE GENERAL FORMAT IN THE FIRST FIVE UNITS IS CONSISTENT WITH VOLUME ONE (IN WHICH THE SOUNDS, BASIC STRUCTURES, AND WRITING SYSTEM WERE INTRODUCED). THE LAST FIVE UNITS BEGIN WITH AN ESSAY WRITTEN IN URDU SCRIPT FOLLOWED BY A VOCABULARY SECTION, WHICH TOGETHER REPLACE THE…

THE TWENTY GRADED UNITS IN THIS TEXT CONSTITUTE AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTH INFORMAL AND FORMAL SPOKEN KANNADA. THE FIRST TWO UNITS PRESENT THE KANNADA MATERIAL IN PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION ONLY, WITH KANNADA SCRIPT GRADUALLY INTRODUCED FROM UNIT III ON. A TYPICAL LESSON-UNIT INCLUDES--(1) A DIALOG IN PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION, (2)…

THIS SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME OF "A COURSE IN URDU" CONSISTS OF FIVE APPENDICES--(1) ABBREVIATIONS, (2) URDU-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, (3) ENGLISH-URDU FINDER LIST, (4) SUPPLEMENTARY URDU-ENGLISH VOCABULARY, AND (5) ENGLISH-URDU FINDER LIST FOR THE SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY. ALSO INCLUDED IS AN INDEX TO ALL VOLUMES AND A LANGUAGE MAP OF INDIA AND…

This booklet describes the Urdu writing system, and is part of a series of teaching materials for teaching Urdu. A general introduction outlining the main characteristics of the system is followed by a presentation of the alphabet. Letters symbolizing the same sound are then discussed, followed by the vowels. Non-connectors, or letters not having…

THIS 15-UNIT INTRODUCTION TO URDU IS BASED ON A LITERATE VARIETY OF DIHLAVI (I.E. OF DELHI) URDU AS EMPLOYED TODAY IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN. BRIEF SKETCHES OF INDO-PAKISTANI LIFE ARE INCLUDED IN THE MATERIAL AND ALTHOUGH A LARGE PART OF THIS INFORMATION IS APPLICABLE TO NORTHERN INDIA AS WELL, MUCH IS STRICTLY PAKISTANI IN CONTENT. UNIT FORMAT…

THIS READER IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF THE JOURNALISTIC TYPE OF LANGUAGE IN USE IN THE UZBEK-SPEAKING AREAS OF SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA (TURKESTAN). PART ONE, AN OUTLINE OF THE GRAMMAR OF UZBEK, PRESENTS THE ORTHOGRAPHY, PHONETICS, AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE PRESENT-DAY WRITTEN LANGUAGE (WHICH IS ALSO CALLED "LITERARY UZBEK"). PART TWO…

The writing manual for a course in basic Pashto teaches the Pashto alphabet: the letters, their sounds, their names, and their shapes in various combinations with other letters. Each lesson, designed to take one class hour, consists of a presentation of the material to be learned, exercises using that material, exercises reviewing previously…

This second year volume of a 3-year course in Chinese includes a textbook, vocabulary, and character lists. A student workbook has also been designed (see FL 002 777 ). The text provided dialogues and practice in vocabulary, translation, questions, writing, and language patterns. Ideas for homework are also included. The book is divided into…

The book presents the Makah alphabet decided upon in a public workshop held by the Makah Language Program in 1978, before which there was no standard Makah orthography. The 10 vowels and 34 consonants of the alphabet are presented in relation to English sounds. The book groups vowels sounds together but devotes a page to each consonant telling how…

The three purposes of this guide are to provide information on the Khmer language, alphabet, and educational systems which will be useful to Americans teaching English to Cambodian refugees; to give specific suggestions for teaching Cambodians to write the English alphabet; and to provide teaching materials that deal with the particular…