From the earliest times of Europeans in North America the triad of explorer, missionary, and scholar has reacted and interacted with the Native languages and the results of this interaction is a large, sophisticated body of data and techniques that has contributed greatly to the development of linguistics, and to the preservation, analysis and…

Discusses good translation techniques, "true bilingualism," and the effect of bilingualism on cognitive development. (Text is in French.) Available from Lloyds Bank Chambers, 91 Newington Causeway, London SE1 6BN, England. (AM)

Advocates the use of good teaching practices in Russian language teaching. Specific recommendations are made regarding class preparation, motivation, and pattern drills. Attention is called to bad practices that are to be avoided. (AM)

This study was designed to compare the relative effectiveness of word problem instruction based on Polya's approach to problem solving with Dahmus' word by word translation approach. When ninth-grade students were randomly assigned to one of these approaches, no differences in mean number of problems solved were observed. (SD)

Item bias, when present in a multiple-choice test, can be detected by appropriate analyses of the persons x items scoring matrix. Five related schemes for the statistical analysis of bias were applied to a widely used, primary skills multiple-choice test which was administered in either its English- or Spanish-language version at each of the two…

A course in written translation at the University of Northern Iowa is described. The prerequisite for enrollment is successful completion of advanced third-year composition. Students are permitted to take the course more than once. Course materials include scholarly essays, "how to" articles, light reading from magazines, news items, editorials,…

A reader on the Cape Verdean and Portuguese experience in the United States is presented. The materials are designed for secondary school and college ethnic studies programs. The main body of the materials consists of four stories that have been translated and partially modified into English. Suggestions for discussion, individual projects, and…

LANGUAGES SHOW CHARACTERISTIC DIFFERENCES IN THE WAY IN WHICH THEY ORGANIZE OBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND THESE DIFFERENCES ARE REFLECTED IN THE FORMAL AND SEMANTIC PATTERNING OF EACH LANGUAGE. A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH TO LANGUAGE LEARNING WHICH PAYS PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO POINTS OF FORMAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELEMENTS OF THE NATIVE…

THIS IS THE FIRST OF THREE VOLUMES WRITTEN TO TEACH THE 881 ESSENTIAL OR "EDUCATION" CHARACTERS TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING STUDENTS OF JAPANESE. THE AUTHORS ASSUME THAT THE STUDENTS HAVE ALREADY LEARNED THE HIRAGANA AND KATAKANA SYLLABARIES AND HAVE A BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF JAPANESE GRAMMAR. ORTHOGRAPHIC CONVENTIONS USED FOLLOW CLOSELY THOSE…

BOOK 2 OF THIS THREE-VOLUME SERIES IS MADE UP OF 35 TEXT LESSONS AND DRILL SENTENCES FOR EACH LESSON, AS WELL AS A SHORT SECTION OF KANA EXERCISES. EACH LESSON INTRODUCES ABOUT 25 NEW CHARACTERS AND INDEXES THEM TO TWO STANDARD JAPANESE WRITING REFERENCE BOOKS (SAKADE'S "A GUIDE TO READING AND WRITING JAPANESE" AND SEKI AND TOYAMA'S…

INTENDED FOR USE WITH BOOKS 1 AND 2 OF THIS MANUAL, THIS VOLUME LISTS AND INDEXES THE 881 JAPANESE "EDUCATION CHARACTERS" PRESENTED IN THE TEXT LESSONS. THE CHARACTERS (KANJI) ARE LISTED IN ORDER AS THEY APPEAR IN THE LESSONS AND EACH CHARACTER IS GIVEN SEVERAL NUMBERS--THE NUMBER USED BY THE EDUCATION MINISTRY IN ITS GRADED LIST FOR…

IN THE LAST 20 YEARS, SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE AND THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE LEARNING, RESEARCH IN STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS, AND NEWLY-DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY HAVE BROUGHT ABOUT REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN LANGUAGE-TEACHING METHODS. TO ACHIEVE AN IDEAL METHOD, THE POSSIBILITIES INHERENT IN THIS PROGRESS MUST BE EMPLOYED, AND THE…

BASED ON A LECTURE GIVEN AT THE UNIV. OF TEXAS SCIENCE CONFERENCE, NOV. 20, 1964, THIS PAPER PRESENTS IN RELATIVELY NON-TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY A DESCRIPTION OF THE "STRUCTURAL" APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE WHICH UNDERLIES THE WORK OF THE LINGUISTICS RESEARCH CENTER. THIS APPROACH ANALYZES LANGUAGE IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT CAN BE MANIPULATED WITH…

IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM FOR MECHANIZING TRANSLATION, SOME PROBLEMS WOULD REMAIN EVEN WHEN THE MORPHEMES AND GRAMMATICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED ARE REASONABLY EQUIVALENT IN THE TWO LANGUAGES. EQUIVALENT GRAMMATICAL RELATION HAS TO BE DEFINED BECAUSE IMPORTANT STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES AMONG SENTENCES ARE FOUND MORE OFTEN IN THEIR DEEP STRUCTURE…

CONVENTIONS FOR CLASSICAL JAPANESE HAIKU USUALLY INCLUDE--17 JAPANESE SYLLABLES IN A 5-7-5 LINE PATTERN, AND SOME SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO AN ASPECT OF NATURE AND TO A PARTICULAR EVENT, PRESENTED AS IF IT WERE HAPPENING IN THE IMMEDIATE PRESENT TO ALLOW THE READER TO EXPERIENCE THE POET'S EMOTION. HAIKU IN ENGLISH, A FORM OF POETRY WHICH HAS BECOME…