Three exact probability tests, counterparts of t tests for single sample, independent samples, and dependent samples, are described for data obtained from ratings on "m" scales by a single rater or on a single scale by "n" raters. (LMO)

Historical problems are presented which can readily be solved by students once some elementary probability concepts are developed. The Duke of Tuscany's Problem; the problem of points; and the question of proportions, divination, and Bertrand's Paradox are included. (MNS)

The stability of standard score and probability method sociometric group assignments was examined over a two-year period with an initial group of 334 fifth graders. Popular, neglected, and controversial groups evidenced low stability of group members over intervals of approximately 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. (Author/RH)

The paper presents a step-by-step procedure for finding the probability of occurrence of the difference between test scores and the probability of occurrence of errors of measurement. This procedure is useful in interpreting test results to parents and making placement decisions. Difference scores are often used in placing students in learning…

Examined the problem-solving performances of novices (11 undergraduates) and experts (9 graduate students and instructors), comparing them in terms of background expertise and problem-solving success. Also examined problem-solving behaviors reported in other domains and determined whether or not genetics is a fruitful area for problem-solving…

This study compared two approximations for normalizing noncentral F distributions: one based on the square root of the chi-square distribution (SRA), the other derived from a cube root of the chi-square distribution (CRA). The CRA was superior, and generally provided an excellent approximation for noncentral F. (Author/BW)

A sampling subspace in hypothesis testing where Type II error is made for completely illogical reasons from the standpoint of probability is described. The case of unequal probabilities of populations or conditions is also considered. (Author/BS)

In this paper seventh-grade pupils' ways of handling aspects of probability have been investigated. The aspects in question were embedded in a dice game, based on the total of two dice. Four different set-ups of dice were included in the situation in which they were up to explore optimal strategies for winning the game. How children understand…

This study was designed to derive the distribution of a test statistic based on normal probability plots. The first purpose was to provide an empirical derivation of the critical values for the Line Test (LT) with an extensive computer simulation. The goal was to develop a test that is sensitive to a wide range of alternative distributions,…

Classical test theory is based on the concept of a true score for each examinee, defined as the expected or average score across an infinite number of repeated parallel tests. In most cases, there is only a score from a single administration of the test in question. The difference between this single observed score and the underlying true score is…

The three-parameter logistic model by Birnbaum for the multiple-choice item in the latent trait theory is considered with respect to the item response information function and the unique maximum condition. (Editor/RK)

A probabilistic unfolding model is presented which makes it possible to scale stimuli and subjects simultaneously, without assumptions concerning the distribution of subject or of stimuli. The applicability of the model is demonstrated in areas of attitude measurement where the assumption of normality is inadequate. (Editor)

This paper presents a procedure for estimating J scale (latent continuum) probabilities given a set of I scales (preference judgements). (Editor/RK)