A linear relationship in psychotherapeutic groups between verbal behavior, defined as the level of communication, and experienced anxiety is hypothesized. A curvilinear relationship was discovered. Maximum level of anxiety occurred on border of communication of private and unknown-self material. When communication increased above these levels, the…

This replicated comparison of interviewer behavior and efficacy of complete novices and experienced professionals shows no significant differences between the two groups on genuineness and warmth, with one questionable difference in favor of the professionals on empathy. The implications of these findings for interviewer status are considered.…

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether whole-part and part-whole transfer depended on the learner being a good or a poor subjective organizer during free recall. (Editor)

It is concluded that equality of endowment is a myth and that equality of opportunity presents a more realistic ideal to follow. (Author/KM)

Some of the key problems of educational equality -- equality of opportunities and inequality of performance; individual differences vs. group differences, coping with group inequality -- are made explicit. (Author/KM)

Twenty-six mildly distressed college student clients were assigned randomly to a nondirective or directive group. Internally oriented persons were more therapeutically responsive to the nondirective than to the directive approach, whereas the reverse tended to be the case among those more externally oriented. (Author)

This study was designed to investigate preschoolers' comprehension of five types of "wh-questions": who, what, why, where, and when. Eighty urban, black, 3- to 5-year-old preschool children were divided into four age groups: early 3's, late 3's, early 4's, and late 4's, with 10 boys and 10 girls in each group. Subjects were presented…

Private self-consciousness (PSC) refers to the dispositional tendency to be attentive to the private, covert aspects of oneself. Studies were conducted to investigate whether there are motivational underpinnings for individual differences in level of PSC. Four separate studies were conducted at three different institutions. Study 1 (N=59) results…

While attributions have traditionally been viewed as social cognition variables, some researchers have proposed that individual differences exist in attributional patterns and that these patterns are differentially related to and predictive of various behaviors. A study was conducted to examine the question of attribution style as a trait-like…

Infants' exploration of their environment has been considered by Piaget and others to provide a vehicle for cognitive development. Little research, however, has examined in detail what infants actually do while exploring or how exploratory behavior is related to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The present investigation was designed to…

Research on women in atypical occupations has generally focused on highly educated women and has neglected to compare atypically employed women to equally educated women in sex-typical occupations. Since the median American worker has only 13.6 years of schooling, the lack of research on the personality characteristics of noncollege-degreed women…

While research has examined both life satisfaction and intellectual functioning of older adults, the relationship between these two dimensions has been investigated very little. A study was conducted to explore continuity in intellectual functioning over time in advanced old age, continuity in life satisfaction during the same period, the…

While past research has documented the independent effects of individual difference characteristics and contextual information on perceptions of leadership, it has not investigated the simultaneous effects. This study explored the interactive effects of these factors under the hypothesis that dispositional characteristics should be more strongly…

Previous research has concluded that no reliable individual differences have been demonstrated in goal-setting studies, probably because the goals were assigned rather than set by the individuals. This study examined individual's self-set goals, certainty, and task performance of two work periods in a group setting as a function of Type A behavior…

The source of employee recruitment has been related to numerous important work outcomes (e.g., turnover, performance), but reasons for this relationship are not known. To test the viability of two possible explanations for recruiting source effects, i.e., employee level of realistic expectation, or individual differences, information was gathered…