The Cooperative Extension service was established in 1914 with the passage of the Smith-Lever Act. The role of Cooperative Extension to give non-formal, research-based education to the people. Cooperative Extension has been a partnership between the federal, state, and county government and the state land- grant universities. 4-H has been the…

This chapter examines legislative actions throughout the past century that have influenced education and employment for individuals with disabilities while discussing ways that these actions reflect the broader social, political and economic goals of the American education system, and implications for individuals with disabilities who participate…

Part I of the paper discusses the Americans with Disabilities Act or ADA, its requirements, and various protections for persons who suffer from a recognized disability which impacts their ability to work under certain circumstances and conditions. The context of this study is American higher education. Part II will discuss the obligation of an…

Education professionals (n = 41) in special schools were interviewed about supporting their autistic pupils transitioning to adulthood following the introduction of the Children and Families Act 2014. Our participants explained how they lacked the time to fully implement knowledge gained from training, leading to growing reliance on experiential…

Purpose: A mission statement is the central axis of any organization and the cornerstone of its strategic planning. Universities have implemented this tool to define, among other things, its identity; however, the legal nature and functions of the mission statement have not been determined. In this article, the authors analyze the differences in…

This article presents some conflict-related issues that school leaders encounter in resolving disagreements and misunderstandings between parents of students with disabilities and school representatives. Two examples of special education service disagreements are employed to illustrate how a trained and impartial education liaison representative…

We are uniquely shaped by the ontology, axiology, methodology and epistemology to which we are exposed in life. The outdoor classroom provides many opportunities to use the land as text to observe surroundings informally, to learn experientially through various STEAM activities, and to create scenarios for project-based learning. In history,…

The purpose of this study is to examine changes in teachers' perception of their work during key periods of the accountability and assessment policy movement in the United States. We utilize a teacher perception of deprofessionalization and demoralization framework operationalized using the restricted Schools and Staffing Surveys data sets from…

The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between principals' instructional practices and student achievement. A phenomenological case study examined 13 Title I elementary schools in central California that exhibited a) a high percentage of students from poverty, b) higher than average state assessment results, and c) principals…

The Testing Industrial Complex (TIC) is a system (and at the same time a cycle) in which high-stakes standardized testing fuels neoliberal education reforms and vice versa. These "reforms" and cycles have monetized for profit the public education system in which curriculum, students, and teachers have been packaged and sold for corporate…

Parents of academically talented students with various types of learning differences, often called 2E, need to understand how support their children's unique needs. In this article, we discuss current research about 2E students and focus on how parents can both nurture and find educational opportunities that encourage their children's strengths…

In their study of the educational ecosystems that surround schools, the authors recognized a growing global trend that has positioned "intermediary organizations," and particularly non-system intermediary organizations, or those not involved in the formal governmental education system, in an oversized ecosystem role. Through their direct…

Inclusive education initially appeared in research in the 1980s and was put into practice in the 1990s. The benefits of inclusion in early childhood education have been acknowledged by the U.S. Department of Education, the Division for Early Childhood, and the National Association for the Education of Young Children and investigated by previous…

It is the position of the National Association of School Nurses (NASN) that restraint and seclusion should not be used in the school setting as a routine form of discipline. Restraints and seclusion should only be used when the child's behavior poses an imminent danger of serious physical harm to self or others (United States Department of…

Governor Whitmer's April 2020 decision to extend the shutdown of school buildings through the remainder of the academic year came with a guarantee to preserve districts' 2019-2020 funding levels, provided they met a few basic conditions. One condition was to continue paying all district employees, even if staff members needed to be redeployed to…