This self-scoring questionnaire on attitudes related to smoking includes norms based upon the responses of 7,000 teenagers and a discussion of the meaning of eight subscores. The subscores are: (1) effect of smoking on health; (2) non-smoker's rights; (3) positive effects of smoking; (4) manufactured reasons for smoking; (5) reasons for starting;…

The 1973 statewide (Maryland) educational accountability plan, for which this report was compiled, called for the development and establishment of statewide and local goals in reading, writing, and mathematics; a comprehensive and uniform statewide testing program; procedures for collecting data on student, home, community, and school…

Three hundred-fifty-two standardized tests of reading comprehension and 373 standardized vocabulary measures were analyzed in terms of a number of criteria related to psychometric quality and educational ability. The criteria were based primarily on the Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests developed by the American Psychological…

This report is divided into two parts in order to make the practical outcomes of a content referenced interpretive system for standardized reading tests available for immediate use by teachers and others, while presenting the technical aspects of the studies in a form appropriate for study by researchers in the fields of reading and educational…

When classes are the units of analyses, estimates of the reliability of class means are needed. Using classical test theory it is difficult to treat this problem adequately. Generalizability theory, however, provides a natural framework for dealing with the problem. Each of four possible formulas for the generalizability of class means is derived…

Biased tests systematically favor some groups over others as a result of factors not part of what the test is said to measure. Bias is basically a problem of differential validity. Validity can be discussed in terms of either the procedures for establishing it or test use. Both ways clarify bias in any test. For content and construct validity, the…

The report summarizes a large body of data relevant to the proper interpretation and use of aptitude scores on the Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT). Included are descriptions of the AFOQT testing program and the test itself. Technical data include an extensive sampling of validation studies covering predictors of success in pilot…

The problems of standardized tests with regard to Mexican American students, particularly "ethnic validity", are reviewed. Inadequate norm group representation, cultural bias, and language bias are purported by the author to be the most common faults of standardized tests. Suggested is the elimination of standardized testing as a principal means…

Scores on standardized tests may be expressed in a variety of different modes. Raw scores, grade equivalents, percentile ranks, stanines, and standard scores are the major types in use today. The study investigated whether the mode or scale used to express scores affected the magnitude of group statistics, specifically, t and r (the t-test of the…

This booklet is designed to provide guidelines for testing in reading and suggestions for using the test results in ways which will most benefit the student. Ten canons are presented which are intended to serve as guidelines for program-related assessment within a framework of instructional decision making. They are concerned primarily with the…

Both criterion-referenced and norm-referenced measures are useful tools to the classroom teacher, but each has its specific uses. The criterion-referenced measure is useful when one is interested in whether an individual possesses particular competencies and when there are no quotas as to how many possess that skill. It is particularly useful in…

Eighteen students, 8 to 15 years of age, from six classes in the School for Language and Hearing Impaired Children in New York City, learned mathematical concepts of conservation, grouping, ordering, and a spatial orientation through procedures developed for teaching and evaluating cognitive achievement of painting and drawing tasks. The students…

The evidence used in condemning a test as racially biased is usually a validity coefficient for one racial group that is significantly different from that of another racial group. However, both variables in the calculation of a validity coefficient should be examined to determine where the bias lies. A study was conducted to investigate the…

The response to 20 attitudinal items on the University of New Mexico Educational Foundations "Education Scale" by 149 UNM students were used as the basis for a factor analysis. The analysis yielded five rotated factors. The factors were difficult to interpret and the analysis did not lend any support to the a priori grouping and judgements of…

One formulation of confidence scoring requires the examinee to indicate as a number his personal probability of the correctness of each alternative in a multiple-choice test. For this formulation, a linear transformation of the logarithm of the correct response is maximized if the examinee reports accurately his personal probability. To equate…