A study was conducted to examine the task-related help-seeking behavior of 85 third- and fifth-grade boys and girls of varying scholastic ability. Participants, white middle-class children, were blocked into high- and low-ability groups on the basis of word comprehension subscores on the California Achievement Test. Children were presented with 16…

A new approach to assessing unexpected differential item performance (item bias or item fairness) is introduced and applied to the item responses of different subpopulations of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) takers. The essential features of the standardization approach are described. The primary goal of the standardization approach is to control…

This project was designed to construct a single theoretical framework for the analysis of problem solving and real time "attention and performance" behavior. The model was developed as a computer program. It was designed in a similar manner to that of various problem solving simulations that use the "production system"…

Several self-report studies of mood and activity have produced evidence of culturally biased theories which people share about the relationship between affect and behavior. In these studies, biased reporting may have been increased by taking mood and activity ratings concurrently rather than employing lagged independent ratings. To identify…

A study attempting to disclose dilemmas encountered by university professors as a means of better understanding their inner world is discussed. The nature of these dilemmas is investigated via the thinking aloud technique. Twelve subjects were asked to think aloud about dilemmas they encountered in their work, and the flow of thoughts was…

Several researchers have recently suggested, on limited data, that personality measures are more valid for individuals for whom inter-item variance is low. Questions remain concerning the robustness of the effect reported in these studies and whether general traitedness or traitedness within specific dimensions will moderate correlations other…

This study, which was designed to identify factors contributing to children's construction of temporal relationships, investigated 10-year-olds' thought and understanding of historical time. A total of 10 children 10 years of age were interviewed on videotape and asked to construct a time line of historical events and persons. In interviews,…

Traditionally the unit of analysis in marital research has been the individual spouse. More recently the marital relationship has often been defined as a process of interaction and dynamic exchanges such that spouses have autonomous needs as well as corporate needs for interdependence. Thus modern systems theory heightens the importance of both…

The fulfillment of the need for intimacy is believed to be central to adult life satisfaction, particularly in young adulthood. To explore the development of intimacy in women and to assess the relationships among intimacy status, locus of control, and self-disclosure, 97 college women with an average age of 30 were placed into 1 of 5 intimacy…

Students in the middle school are all sizes and shapes physically, at different levels of mental maturity and at different stages of socialization. The diverse needs of these individuals can be satisfied only by providing a comprehensive physical education program containing a required program supplemented with intramurals, club sports and…

Although researchers have been interested in identifying characteristics of students using college counseling centers, research approaches have been varied and unsystematic. To investigate student use of the counseling center using the Clark-Trow subculture model, 582 University of Maryland college freshmen were administered a single item…

The study of language development in second language acquisition naturally leads to information about linguistic processes of second language acquisition, but it also sheds light on learners' individual differences. This article examines the acquisition of the future in L2 English and explores how learners in a longitudinal study respond to input,…

Entrenched dogma about the primacy of reading hinders real learning. (JH)

A multidimensional model for measuring cultural differences (MCD) based on factor analytic theory and techniques is proposed. The model assumes that a cultural space may be defined by means of a relatively small number of orthogonal dimensions which are linear combinations of a much larger number of cultural variables. Once a suitable,…

This article, which sheds light on the variety of symbol use among children, discusses the need to investigate each symbolic medium separately and to integrate cognitive and affective aspects underlying artistic production. (Editor/RK)