In past research, the most well-known and validated models explaining political behavior have focused on socioeconomic factors and have ignored personality variables. Based on personal interviews with 358 New York rural residents 60 years of age and over, this paper examines the relationships of political behavior and attitudes to personality…

This paper presents a conceptualization of test bias for standardized ability tests which is based on multidimensional, non-parametric, item response theory. An explanation of how individually-biased items can combine through a test score to produce test bias is provided. It is contended that bias, although expressed at the item level, should be…

As college student populations become more diverse and classes become more heterogeneous, instructors have an opportunity to implement leadership models based on the goals of empowerment, cooperation, inclusion, and collaboration. A heterarchical notion of leadership (in which information and authority flow across channels and input from all…

The recently proposed self-appraisal model of Type A behavior holds that Type As desire an accurate appraisal of abilities, and respond to uncertainty about abilities with exaggerated attempts to generate diagnostic information. The model also predicts that the major emotional response to uncertainty for Type As is anxiety. A study was conducted…

This fact sheet examines the impact of cultural diversity in the United States on the counseling profession. Three major difficulties for multicultural counseling created by this diversity are considered: (1) the counselor's own culture, attitudes, and theoretical perspective; (2) the client's culture; and (3) the multiplicity of variables…

The individual differences that are labeled as learning styles, teaching styles, leadership styles, and psychological types are clustered together in this book in order to explore the importance of style in education. The book is divided into three parts. The first part defines style and provides some background concerning research on style. The…

The present study was designed to examine the effectiveness of post-experimental debriefing in reducing both self-reported anxiety and physiological arousal among participants who differed in their characteristic responses to threat. One hundred five female undergraduates were classified according to their Repression-Sensitization type and were…

Theories of socialization have developed independently of established facts against which to measure their adequacy. Studies showing low levels of skin conductance and slow latency of response among criminals have supported a bio-social theory that criminals inherit neurological systems that impede reduction of fear and interfere with learning.…

The field dependent-independent cognitive style has been noted by researchers to be related to mathematical achievement. Researchers have also noted a relationship between field dependence and measures of intelligence, and between sex and mathematical achievement. A multiple regression framework was used to examine the effects of field dependence,…

The research looking for cognitive factors specific to depression has resulted in the consistent finding that memory in depression is selective. The phenomenon of selective memory for negative events in depression was investigated using signal detection methods to separately examine the contributions of information processing deficits and response…

A study of the effects of peer-pairing and integrative motivation on both formal language performance and actual language behavior with Korean immigrant children is presented. The formal language learning was measured by tests of oral production and listening comprehension, and actual language behavior was measured by observations in a natural…

The effects of musical accompaniment on two different visual information processing activities were examined in individuals of differing selected personality types. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator Form G was administered to classes of University students. From the results, four subgroups, the sensing-thinking, sensing-feeling, intuitive-feeling,…

Little previous research has compared bulimics to dieters who do not binge eat but who are also concerned with their weight. This study examined differences between college students who were classified as either bulimic (N=21), chronic dieters (N=29), or controls (N=83). The extent to which remarks made by significant others and failure…

Studies concerning which type of career counseling intervention is best used with respect to the individual differences of clients have been sparse. To investigate the effects of client learning style on: (1) satisfaction with the System of Interactive Guidance and Instruction (SIGI); (2) the rating of values; and (3) selection of the main…

Counseling may be developmental, preventive or crisis-oriented. Counselors using a developmental approach to school counseling recognize that human development is characterized by stages containing different psychosocial crises and different developmental tasks. High school students are predominantly in the early adolescent stage, characterized by…