The use and problems associated with standardized tests are not only technical, but also involve philosophical and moral issues such as "what it is that we want education to be," and "what are the behaviors and goals of educators and learners that we are willing to encourage." (Author/AM)

Two longitudinal studies focused on naturally occurring conversations at home among (1) 18- and 24-month-old second-born children, mothers, and older siblings, and (2) first-born children 25 and 32 months old, mothers, and younger siblings. By two years of age most children referred to a range of feeling states in self and other, and discussed the…

Used Holland high-point code and Self-Directed Search scale scores to predict benefit from a self-help career counseling intervention for 52 students undecided as to career. Participants with realistic, investigative, or conventional high-point codes showed greater changes in vocational identity when compared with participants with artistic,…

A general theoretical framework to guide research on self-instructional training was presented which suggests that the approach is particularly useful to young nonretarded children and mentally retarded persons. Retarded children taught to self-instruct show better attention, memory, and motivation and manifest less impulsive behavior, maladaptive…

Responds to Lloyd by cautioning counselors regarding the centrality of multicultural awareness in counseling curricula. Maintains the primacy of culture cannot be denied as the first dimension in our thinking as professional helpers. Cultural intentionality is proposed as a metagoal of the helping process--the integration of cultural awareness…

Differs with Lloyd's point of view that multicultural information is detrimental to counseling relationships, while acknowledging the need to focus on the individual. Maintains that empathy for the individual is not enough in a multicultural society. Makes a case for quelling ignorance and false information and stereotypes, and promoting counselor…

Assessment of the individual student's instructional environment is critical to comprehensive evaluation of the student's strengths and weaknesses. Through observation and interviews, the Instructional Environment Scale systematically describes the extent to which a student's academic or behavior problems are a function of factors in the…

The Personal Styles Model helps teachers appreciate the uniqueness of their individual style and identify their strengths and limitations in relating to students through examination of teachers' orientations toward change, product, process, stability, autonomy, ideals, interaction with students, and competence. (CB)

The relationship between work experience and job performance of 88 dietary managers was examined using three instruments. Scores were positively correlated to both quality of experience and the interaction of quality of experience and capacity to learn. Results indicate that quality of work experience scores may be predictive of performance.…

Accuracy-disabled and rate-disabled young Canadian readers were compared to children who were "fluent normal" readers. Children in the latter group decoded at the same level of accuracy as the rate-disabled subjects but at a significantly faster rate. Specific deficiencies of each of the disabled groups were identified. (Author/RH)

Strategies are described for combining students of different ability levels in games and sports with consideration of movement and fitness demands, purpose and skill complexity, environmental considerations, and cognitive and social considerations. (CB)

Examined the prominence of intimacy concerns, i.e., connectedness and independent needs in a sample of women in the health professions, analyzing for age and marital status. Used the Life Priorities Q-Sort. Older and single women were found to be significantly more independent than younger and married women. (Author/KS)

Examined how systemic and nonsystemic clinicians differ in diagnostic processes. Experienced therapists, with family systems or psychodynamic orientations viewed a stimulus film of a family session and individual interviews with parent and patients. Compared to nonsystems clinicians systemic clinicians identified as clinically relevant more…

At least five issues need to be considered in the application of contextual appraisal practices to special education programs: the impact of legislative influence, individualized student factors, the program/school relationship, the school/district relationship, and the community/school relationship. (Author/DB)