Explores student-held images of science and scientists according to gender and grade level; examines the reasons behind those images. Concludes that male students are more strongly influenced by public stereotypes of science and scientists. Contains 20 references. (DDR)

In a survey of a random sample of counselors in counseling associations, respondents made dichotomous ethical judgments of counselor behavior in 25 vignettes. Ethical knowledge scores were compared with respect to professional membership division, sex, age, years of formal education, degree level, counseling experience, primary work setting,…

Reintroduces the ethological concept of social dominance, and interprets it from a strategy-based perspective. Maintains that, by adopting this approach to social dominance and explicitly incorporating developmental processes and uniquely human capacities, human social-dominance patterns appear to be more similar to primate patterns than commonly…

Assessed semantic priming for category coordinates and function-related words in children with good or poor reading comprehension, matched for decoding skill. Found that both groups showed priming for function-related words, but poor comprehenders showed priming for category coordinates only if the pairs shared high-association strength. Good…

Used an event-based approach to study the nature of coordination in 3- and 6-month olds during interaction with their caregivers. Found that infants coordinated their vocalizations and facial actions more than expected by chance. When two communicative events were temporally associated across modalities, one event tended to be embedded within the…

Suggests a "complexity effect" for overall message-production speed (in which undergraduate students exhibited superior performance relative to older adults) and for initial message-production-skills performance and rate of skill acquisition, with these differences not pronounced under complex-task conditions. Finds that older adults' learning…

Examined the role of animacy and pronouns as children ages 2 to 3 years acquired transitive construction. Participants learned two nonce verbs, one of which was modeled in several transitive sentence frames and the other in neutral sentence frames. Many children produced transitive sentences with the first verb, but only children near age 3…

Colleges and universities can realize the full potential of women's philanthropy by gender-sensitive cultivation and solicitation strategies. Insights are offered into why and how women give, generational differences in giving patterns, and the real or imagined barriers to cultivating women donors. Two women in philanthropy and several successful…

A discussion of young donors to colleges and universities, usually alumni ages 20 to 50, looks at the distinctive characteristics and considerations of donors in this population and makes suggestions for finding and cultivating major gift prospects. Two young female philanthropists are profiled. (MSE)

This study examined communication behaviors of 103 children and adolescents with severe cognitive disabilities using natural observations and structured one-to-one interactions. Analysis identified seven communication profiles ranging from basic reactions to complex interactions. Differences due to severity of disability but not age were observed.…

A Dutch intervention program proved to be successful with 109 10-year-old children with dyslexia and 29 children with reading problems and cognitive deficits or psychiatric symptoms. The children with pure dyslexia profited most. Differences in treatment outcomes were related to the absolute level of word reading and age at intake. (Author/CR)

Examined performance of first through sixth graders on conditional-inference task, using causal conditionals and a generation of alternatives task. Found a steady age-related increase in uncertainty responses to two uncertain logical forms and an increase in production of disabling conditions for "modus ponens." Individual differences in inference…

Evaluated role of visual input during reaching and grasping. Found that both infants and adults completed a reach and grasp to a darkened object but used vision when object remained visible. Infants contacted the object more often when it remained visible, although with longer durations and more movement units. Adults reached faster and more…

Investigated approaches of 549 students to learning in Finnish general upper secondary school through the Learning Process Questionnaire (J. Biggs, 1987). Finds significant differences between students' approaches to learning in the different form levels. Approaches to learning were also related to gender and mathematics and English grades. (SLD)

Significant developmental differences were found for student adjustment in a study exploring relations between standardized measures of students' achievement and teacher ratings of student adjustment for K-2 students in mixed-age classrooms. Teacher ratings of student adjustment were significantly lower for kindergartners compared to second…