This report, the second in a series of six reports on television advertising and children, presents the results from a series of experimental studies designed to test children's intentional and incidental learning from television commercials. A total of 400 elementary school students of varying socioeconomic status participated in the study, with…

Baseline data on change in reading achievement over summer vacation in the absence of summer school were obtained for two groups of middle-class children. The Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT) and the reading comprehension subtest of the Iowa Test of Basic Skills were administered in May to 172 third graders and 207 seventh graders. An alternate form…

The long-term adjustment problems of individuals who were removed by force from their place of residence due to the government acquisition of their property are examined. Data were derived from a study of 185 families and individuals displaced by the construction of the Carr Fork Reservoir project in rural, eastern Kentucky. Although many of the…

Data obtained from a national, cross-sectional survey of the American work force were used to examine the relationship between age and an interview measure of psychological involvement with work (i.e., paid employment). For men, this relationship was curvilinear. Commitment began at a low level among the 16-20 year old men, rose to its highest…

Examined was the incidence of severe, moderate, and mild behavior disorders in regular grades K-12 in 13 Florida county school districts. Twelve to 20 teachers in each school idstrict were provided with definitions of behavior disorders and asked to identify the number of children in their classes with various degrees of disorder and also to…

This study was designed to test two major hypotheses: (1) Validity of expectation is an increasing monotonic function of development. (2) Invalidity of expectation is more a function of overestimation of hedonistic tendencies than a function of underestimation. A total of 277 middle class children in the first, fourth, and fifth grades were given…

To learn if differences in age, intelligence, and sex account for differences in children's memory of TV commercials and "degree of insistence" (DI) after viewing them, 54 gifted, 71 normal, and 53 educable mentally retarded children (of both sexes, 7-13 years) were questioned. The mediating influence of the three independent variables on DI was…

This paper discusses the interpretation of data on two types of phonological change: change in language over time in the culture, and change in the development of the individual speaker; and examines the position that these two sorts of change interact in a certain way in relation to phonological structure. If one conceives of phonology as a…

The purpose of this study was to examine children's perceptions of authority figures as a function of the variables of sex, age, ethnic group and socio-economic status (SES). The authority figures included policeman, principal, teacher, father, mother, and overall (cumulative effects of all authority). Questions from the Caldwell Preschool…

This paper, which deals chiefly with Black English (BE), is an attempt "to exemplify some general principles concerning the nature of nonstandard dialects" with the chief goal of demonstrating the legitimacy of such dialects and fostering an attitude of respect towards them. The following points are stressed: (1) BE shares many features with other…

The relative difficulty levels of Stanford-Binet items between the ages of four and six among prekindergarten Head Start children were studied. A comparison sample of prekindergarten white middle class children was included to evaluate the age norms on a culturally typical sample of children and to assess performance on the Binet as it might…

The purpose of this epidemiological study of psychopathological disorders was to obtain prevalence data on 55 behavior symptoms as they occur in kindergarteners and first and second graders. The behavior symptoms are commonly found in child guidance clinic populations. The population rated in this study was the kindergarten and first and second…

The purpose of this study was to clarify the administrative functions of the Kansas county extension director through the process of role analysis. Respondents included four groups: all Kansas county extension directors, professional co-workers, county agricultural extension council executive board members in the selected counties, and selected…

The interrelations between mental age (MA), IQ, and mediation were studied in 72 retardates in special classes. Subjects were selected to fall into sexually balanced groups of six in 12 MA-IQ categories (IQ 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89; MA 4-0 to 5-11, 6-0 to 7-11, and 8-0 to 9-11). The apparatus alternately displayed two pairs of stimuli, and…

One of the essential differences between teaching a first and a second language is that the former is merely learned whereas the latter must usually be taught. This difference, while not absolute, still has enormous consequences. Although the "natural method" of second-language teaching is often championed, there is no way whereby the…