Research has documented two behavior patterns known as Type A and Type B. Type A behavior is characterized by competitive striving, a sense of urgency, and hostility, while Type B behavior is less aggressive and more relaxed. It has been theorized that individuals exhibiting Type A behavior have a strong need to maintain control over their…

The independent contributions of action and violence in television programs to children's attention and social behavior were investigated. Pairs of preschool children were assigned to one of four television conditions (1) high action-high violence, (2) high action-low violence, (3) low action-low violence, or (4) no television. Action was defined…

Ten boys and 16 girls from two Head Start schools in Massachusetts were administered two projective measures of aggression. A third measure was obtained from teacher rankings of behavior based on classroom conduct. For the projective measures, each child was asked to respond to three social situations as depicted by dolls and drawings. The child…

The Toronto Transit Commission employees were on strike for 23 days, producing a total shut-down of all public transportation and a resulting increase in the number of hitch-hiking females. The strike provided a novel and unique opportunity to empirically examine two theories of sexual assault and to evaluate the effects of hitch-hiking upon…

In order to discover the effects of success and failure on subsequent aggressiveness, 26 male and 55 female college students were randomly assigned to success, failure, and neutral conditions. Those in the success condition were led to feel they were superior to other college students on a task, those in the failure condition were led to feel they…

Since conflict may concern goals, roles, or individuals, it is endemic to the decision making process and is particularly evident at the stage of formulating and weighing alternatives. The entire social system of the school may be drawn into or affected by the conflict. If these patterns are free to run their course, the school could quickly enter…

Recently collected data appear to warrant advancing some tentative conslusions concerning the short-term effects of violence in television on children: 1) children are exposed to a substantial amount of violent content on television, and they can remember and learn from such exposure; 2) correlational studies have disclosed a regular association…

Thirty students were formed into ten triads, each of which participated in a series of 48 games generated by the combination of eight power structures with six payoff levels. The game paradigm presented each player with the option of attacking or not attacking one of the other two players in this triad. The game procedure, apparatus and design are…

Since many acts of aggression in society are more than simply an aggressor-victim encounter, the role played by third person instigated aggression also needs examination. The purpose of this study was to develop a laboratory procedure to systematically investigate instigation. In a competitive reaction time task, high and low Machiavellian Males…

Several writers suggest that reducing one's sense of individuality reduces social restraints. The author suggests that the effect of uniformity of appearance on aggression is unclear when anonymity is held constant. This poses a problem of interpretation given that a distinction must be made between lack of individuality and anonymity. One must…

It is the premise of this report that an appropriate role for social scientists is to aid national decisionmakers by doing policy research: monitoring social problem areas, defining policy problems, and outlining, testing and refining policy alternatives. The report also points out some obstacles, such as the academic goals of detachment and…

This article is an attempt to focus upon some implications which will provide us with tools for understanding and dealing with the predicament of hostility. (Author/RK)

Reports on a study relating viewing film violence and aggressive verbal behavior. The effects of two viewing experiences in a nonlaboratory setting demonstrate the generalizability of previous laboratory results. (JMF)

Describes a study using heart rate as an index of autonomic arousal to measure the effects on television viewers of depicting the consequences of violence, violence with no consequence, and nonviolence. Supports the conclusion that specific content manipulations of aggressive stimuli affect levels of arousal. (JMF)