Four operational functions in counseling are described: (1) primary function of academic advising, (2) the professional advising role, (3) personal counseling, and (4) the programmatic dimension of the 4 x 4 model, which comprises preview, planning, process and postview or follow-up. Guidelines for use of the model are described. (KS)

Based on interviews with graduate students in English, biochemistry, and psychology the author discusses common characteristics of graduate students (lifelong observers with faith in authority and strong emotional attachment to a minute field of inquiry) and notes implications for their teaching and their contributions to society. (JT)

What's missing from parent/teacher reporting sessions? Students. Include them and build trust, self-image and responsibility. (Editor)

A school principal described the atmosphere and total commitment that has made her school and its members into a family. (RK)

Games and dramatic activities can help students explore their personal responses to literary works.

Research has shown that teachers have difficulty stage scoring moral thought statements based on Kohlberg's moral development theory. This article explores ways of using process evaluation, developed recently by Kohlberg and others, to avoid stage scoring moral judgments within "Kohlbergian" programs. (AV)

The question of whether it is a teacher's job to promote autonomy in students is explored. The discussion includes a review of some pertinent literature, with focus on "Faces on the Campus" by Graham Little, whose notion is seen as providing a worthy ideal. (JMD)

Presented is a summary of the ancient Greek idea of education and how this idea relates to the question of vocational education vs the liberal arts in higher education today. The need for vocational education is acknowledged, but it is argued that a liberal education in some form is best in the long run. (JMD)

Suggested are three ways that values education, judging, moral discernment, and value-guided action can be developed within higher education: organization of the curriculum to heighten sensitivity to values and enhance dexterity in using them; field study to foster ideas in action; and the environment and example of the college itself. (JMD)

Considers what specific educational needs a graduate program in studio art must satisfy to be successful. (RK)

The built environment is architecture in its broadest interpretation: cities, streets, houses, and parks that man builds and the spaces that connect them. The author provides some suggestions for enhancing student awareness of the built environment, its concepts of systems, and the way its parts work together to form wholes. (Author/RK)

Student activities directors assist student development through campus programs. (Author)

A national survey of campus officers and selected professional leaders reveals that the majority of student affairs and academic officers are supportive of a developmental transcript. ACPA leaders are enthusiastic and registrars are moderately supportive. A core of support seems to exist on most types of campuses. (Author)

Your students will be using and building on reading-related skills during the rest of their schooling and throughout their lives. Here are some learning exercises emphasizing reading-skill activities as well as projects related to other curriculum areas. (Author/RK)

Teachers use questioning as a key instructional tool for a number of reasons. Four reasons were highlighted. As well, six major classes of questioning were evaluated. (Author/RK)