The Islamic Republic of Iran is obliged to respect the right to education under international human rights law and has made legal commitments to conform to the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Drawing on the framework developed by former Special…

Background: Over the past decade, courts increasingly have considered cases that involve clashes between public, secular private, and religious institutions in education. Such clashes appear to have intensified as recently as the 2019-2020 Supreme Court term, and the confirmation of Associate Justice Amy Coney Barrett to the Court in 2020 suggests…

The U.S. Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division (CRT) and the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) enforce federal civil rights laws in public and federally funded schools at all educational levels. These laws protect all students, including Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) and Muslim,…

This collection of resources for postsecondary institutions is designed to assist in planning for a successful and equitable return to schools and campuses. The resources include fact sheets, Q&As, letters to educators, and other materials explaining the obligations that postsecondary schools have under the federal civil rights laws enforced…

Somali girls who veil are often misrepresented as being oppressed by a patriarchal culture. Research gathered from a critical ethnographic study with sixth grade Somali girls sheds light on their understanding of the hijab and their experiences with anti-Muslim discrimination. Findings reveal that the hijab provided a source of strength from which…

Research in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) shows that English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms are not only embedded in dominant institutional, global, and local discourses about race, gender, and language, but often also reflect and contribute to the Othering and marginalization of students, as they are implicit or…

This paper examines the role of the French state school classroom as a scene of moral pedagogy from the point of view of the French state and Muslim community activists. I argue that in both sets of discourses, the state school classroom is consistently figured as the front lines of a battleground, in which teachers, students, and parents are all…

From Kamikaze to Suicide Bomber, to Islamist, to Jihadist and others all are known by deferent names but the use of suicide bombing as the prime tactical weapon in pursuing their political goals is crucial. Since 1983 when the first suicide attack took place until today the number of suicide attacks has been increasing annually. Planning is very…

The purpose of this paper is to review the historical facts related to conversion of indigenous people of the Kazakh steppe from Islam to Christianity and the conversion of the Russian migrants from Orthodoxy to Islam in Kazakhstan in the nineteenth-early twentieth century. The study deals with the laws that were detrimental to Islam and reforms…

Contemporary anti-Islamic discourses in Australia construct Islam as an uncivilised belief system and its Muslim followers as homogenous unassimilable Others. Within these discourses, the diversity among Muslim women has been overshadowed, and they are constructed as a monolithic "veiled" woman. Drawing on 20 conversational interviews…

Part of the Center for Education Equity's "Exploring Equity Issues" series, this paper gives a background on religious discrimination in schools and provides strategies on what schools can do to address and resolve these problems. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution establishes the right to the free exercise of…

The spread of Islamophobia in the U.S. positioned Muslims as different and inferior to American society and racialized their experiences by subjecting them to narratives of prejudices and stereotypes. This postcolonial interview study examined how Muslim American high school students conceptualized and negotiated their racialized identities within…

Using a mixed methods approach, the researcher gathered a set of narrative responses from focus groups that supported the claim of underreporting campus discrimination on a survey. Multiple studies have shown that underrepresented minority students are likely to bond with same-ethnic peers in a racially tense campus climate. This mixed method is a…

The purpose of this study was to reveal the perceptions of preservice teachers with war experience regarding war, peace and peace education. In the study, the phenomenological design was applied. The participants of the study were individuals who experienced wars or conflicts for several reasons in their countries and who received teacher training…

Undergraduate Muslim international students in American universities continue to grow in large numbers, however, this population of students face several challenges related to their racial/ethnic, religious, and gender identities. These challenges tend to influence their academic and social experiences and, ultimately, their overall integration on…