This monograph is intended for use by vocational teachers, state supervisors, administrators, and curriculum developers as a resource guide in the development of sound curriculum for vocational programs in Arizona. It examines learning theories and principles and, where applicable, applies these ideas to vocational education. Chapter 1 introduces…

Cognitive science is briefly reviewed, and its implications for instructional design are discussed. The application of cognitive science to instruction requires knowledge of cognitive science, the subject content taught, and the system in which the instruction is imbedded. The central concept of cognitive science is mental representation--the…

This paper is concerned with the educational significance of interactive video. To clarify this, seven basic educational concepts are reviewed: (1) education and training are organized forms of learning; (2) goals and objectives can be grouped into the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of learning; (3) education refers to learning…

A description is provided of the use of a Critical Thinking Worksheet as a pedagogical tool for introducing critical thinking to students of philosophy and informal logic. First, an accompanying handout introduces essential terms such as "argument,""conclusion," and "reasons or premises." The worksheet itself constitutes the second page of the…

The specialist team approach to the design and preparation of instructional television materials uses a core group of professionals who work closely together, each making unique contributions throughout the duration of a project. Typically the team consists of content authorities, an instructional designer, a writer, a producer-director, and a…

Effective materials for televised instruction are most likely to result from the coordinated efforts of a team of capable specialists. Composition of the team may be influenced by local variables, but the group should normally include (1) an instructional designer who develops an overall scheme in which interrelated parts of an instructional…

A study was conducted to document how 10 teachers of preschool handicapped children make decisions related to Individualized Education Program (IEP) development and revision, monitoring of pupil progress, and instructional modifications. Information also was obtained about exit criteria for students in programs for preschool handicapped children.…

Designed to encourage the use of a defined methodology and careful planning in creating computer-assisted instructional programs, this paper describes the instructional design process, compares computer-assisted instruction (CAI) and programmed instruction (PI), and discusses pragmatic concerns in computer programming. Topics addressed include:…

This paper argues that research findings from the study of teaching could be very useful in enhancing knowledge and tools for the design of both conventional and intelligent instructional software. It also suggests that if the ways in which teachers effectively conduct instruction are different and in certain ways better than other media, and if…

While graduate programs in instructional design provide education in communications theory, media research, information systems, motivation theory, and behavioral and cognitive psychology, practice in the field often reflects a more pragmatic approach. In October 1985, Training Magazine surveyed thousands of training professionals responsible for…

Theorists, researchers, and practitioners should be problem solvers, and need to integrate research findings within practical models. Given a defined instructional problem, the recommendation of an appropriate solution should be based on the realization that only prescriptive design theory emphasizes methods and presentation specifications, and…

The curriculum matrix is a tool to help curriculum coordinators, principals, and superintendents specify, justify, and align curriculum and instructional time to district specified standards. The problem the curriculum matrix solves is connecting the curriculum; that is, tracing an idea from initial justification to its placement in the curriculum…

Although the quality of educational software is increasing dramatically, the need for good instructional software far surpasses the supply. There are at present relatively few authors with the array of knowledge and skills necessary to produce high quality interactive instruction. In the absence of trained authors, much of the available software…

This paper describes the theoretical underpinnings and architecture of a new type of learning environment that incorporates features of microworlds and of intelligent tutoring systems. The environment is based on a progression of increasingly sophisticated causal models that simulate domain phenomena, generate explanations, and serve as student…

This paper examines research on the education of women and girls from the perspectives of sex differences, gender differences, and feminist studies, with particular reference to the implications of the findings for the design of computer-assisted instruction systems. The four modules of the Ingelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction (ICAI)…