Investigates the developmental sequence of learning to transform objects into agents and recipients of action in early symbolic play. Each of 48 children (from 14 to 25 months old) demonstrated initiative pretending after an adult modeled agent and recipient substitutions in pretending to talk on the telephone. (Author/CB)

Demonstrates that while question-answer sessions affect pupil conduct, pupil responses influence teachers' behavior and the strategies they adopt. (JOW)

Responding to the the McFaul and Cooper article on peer clinical supervision, the author points out that their negative findings could have resulted from inadequate research design. (MD)

A behavioral mapping observation procedure was employed in three classrooms with 19 autistic students (6-14 years old). Eight behaviors were observed in five typical classroom settings. The results indicated that within a classroom environment, particular settings were associated with or "wedded to" high rates of particular behavior and low rates…

The study investigated an observation instrument designed to assess special education student teacher performance. Two methods were used to examine interobserver agreement: point-by-point and kappa. The degree of reliable performance data collected across the study's duration was reported. Data revealed differences in mean levels of agreement…

Examines various situations in which young children use social comparison to elicit understanding from a peer. Data are drawn from naturalistic observations of three- , four- , and five-year-olds. Children used social comparison to seek information, agreement, permission, compliance, verbal responsiveness, and attention. (Author/RH)

The author comments on clarifying the meaning behind teachers' use of language. He points out that information collected through classroom observation would be more useful if teachers were included in the interpretation. (MD)

The Facial Action Code (FAC) was derived from an analysis of the anatomical basis of facial movement. The development of the method is explained, contrasting it to other methods of measuring facial behavior. An example of how facial behavior is measured is provided, and ideas about research applications are discussed. (Author)

The major seven observational techniques used in study of the dominance hierarchies of young children are discussed, and findings related to sex differences and developmental changes are presented. (JY)

This paper describes an approach to teacher evaluation intended to establish a meaningful link between classroom observations and teacher development. In this approach, observations are always announced. They last for the duration of the teaching hour and constitute one link in a three-part observation cycle. The pre-observation session with the…

This paper calls for the inclusion of narrative, thematic, and metaphor analysis as organizational assessment or communication audit methods and discusses some practical means of integrating these symbolic interpretational devices. The paper begins by defining the notion of symbol as the message content important to the organizational member. It…

Classical test theory is based on the concept of a true score for each examinee, defined as the expected or average score across an infinite number of repeated parallel tests. In most cases, there is only a score from a single administration of the test in question. The difference between this single observed score and the underlying true score is…

This textbook presents the divisions of arithmetic in their natural order. The fundamental operations upon integers, common fractions, decimals, denominate numbers, and numbers expressed by letters, are followed by their applications to business and to various employments. The pupil is taught to develop observation and thought power, rather than…

Experiences with observation in the training of clinicians suggest that it assists the student to find a balance between the structure of concept and variance of experience. This paper explores two modalities of the organization of knowledge and uses this exploration to develop a rationale for the use of observation as a discrete component of…

Suggested by a parent are ways that parents of a hyperactive child requiring treatment with stimulant drugs can observe their child for the most effective administration of medication. (DB)