This paper discusses what the four preceeding papers in this journal have in common and where they differ. All look at William Bennett's lesson on Federalist Paper No. 10 from different perspectives. (MT)

This study uses Henry Mintzberg's structural observation method to examine British primary school head teachers' work patterns and determine the nature of their role. Head teachers' days were characterized by brevity, variety, and fragmentation similar to those discussed in findings of other empirical managerial studies. Leadership roles stressed…

Presents the social facilitation paradigm as a useful model for predicting positive and negative effects of supervision observation on the performance of counselors. Describes some recent studies that have attempted to test this paradigm in actual counseling studies and offers some suggestions for future research. (LLL)

Examined developmental patterns in children's attempts to regulate their expressive behavior in a mildly conflictful situation where they expected to receive a desirable reward but in fact received an undesirable one. Major findings included significant age by sex interactions. (Author/RH)

The present article reviews the procedures that have been developed for measuring the reliability of human observers' judgments when making direct observations of behavior. These include the percentage of agreement, Cohen's Kappa, phi, and univariate and multivariate agreement measures that are based on quasi-equiprobability and quasi-independence…

Employed contextual analysis to examine the meaning of touches reported in daily interaction. Found 18 categories of meanings of touch such as support, appreciation, inclusion, greeting, departure, attention-getting, etc. Discusses results in terms of the nature of tactile communication, comparing results with past research. (PD)

Reports on a study in which an observation technique used to show differences in the communicative orientation of second language classroom interaction was pilot-tested in a variety of instructional settings. The technique was found to be sensitive to the differences in the communication orientations of the four types of classes observed. (SED)

Includes descriptions of a fact-finding exercise using classmates' wallets; a crossword puzzle to heighten language awareness; and a description of a program which teaches students to analyze current events and issues in light of history. (HTH)

Discusses instructional strategies that help students make and differentiate between observations and inferences, including the use of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation processes. Suggests that early activities focus on analytical procedures in such a way that they can be explained in terms of facts and principles that students will readily…

Occasionally situations arise in which a measurement does not lend itself to such traditional methods of reliability estimation as the test-retest, parallel-test, or internal consistency methods. This paper proposes basing reliability estimation in such situations on estimates of validity coefficients as lower bounds. (Author/LMO)

This study employed an ABA withdrawal design, replicated three times, with a control subject and a follow-up phase, to evaluate the effects of self-observation in reducing disruptive classroom behaviors. Results showed that the percentage of disruptive classroom behaviors were dramatically reduced as a consequence of treatment. (Author/LMO)

Investigated 96 third-grade boys' and girls' tutoring of 96 first-grade boys and girls in three reward conditions: performance contingent, noncontingent reward, and no reward. Findings indicated that neither the tutor's teaching style nor the tutee's posttest performance was adversely affected by the reward. (Author/CI)

Reviews current teacher evaluation practices with particular focus on the use of observation. Argues that direct observation is an inadequate evaluation technique because it assumes that stability and consistency are necessary for effective teaching. Presents data showing that flexibility is a more accurate characterization of elementary level…

Investigated the application of the empathic set effect to perceptions of domestic violence in college students (N=116). Results indicated that observers can be induced to make attributions about another's behavior that consider environmental factors as contributing to behavior and not attribute such behavior solely to internal or dispositional…

A transcript-narrative analysis technique was used to identify interpersonal negotiation strategies of two nine-year-old boys selected from a pool of children with socioemotional and interpersonal difficulties. Strategies were classified according to four developmental levels: impulsive/physical, unilateral/coercive, reciprocal/influential, and…