Demonstrated that time sampling is inaccurate for estimating durations or frequencies of behaviors. Also concluded that (1) individual or group differences can change depending on whether time sampling or continuous sampling is used; and (2) error rates are high when bout lengths of behaviors are short or when interval length is long. (BC)

Reviews alternatives to program evaluation. Suggested qualitative methods are interviews; participant observation; and journal analysis. Meaningful designs for evaluation are case studies; participatory and collaborative evaluation; and mixed methods. Uses for evaluation are utilization-focused evaluation; explicating and developing program…

Effective teacher evaluation strategies have several key elements, including involving key stakeholders in the decision-making process, establishing goals mutually, creating a time frame, emphasizing formative evaluation, revamping classroom observation practices, using rating scales sparingly, seeking training for evaluators, and identifying…

Concerns about situational assessment--proper setting and inappropriate use with severely disabled persons--prompted the following changes in its use in vocational rehabilitation: (1) recognition of differences between sheltered and actual work settings; (2) questioning of vocational assessment measures; and (3) focus on a person-centered…

Examples of real-world customer service situations were observed by business students, who then submitted papers and discussed them in class. Their questionnaire responses indicated the value of developing understanding through such an experiential class activity. (SK)

Legitimate and fair criteria for the publication of qualitative naturalistic research in occupational therapy include credibility and transferability. Such methods as triangulation, negative case analysis, and testing for rival hypotheses are promising criteria for fairness and rigor. (SK)

Presents a checklist of effective teaching practices to provide feedback on direct, explicit, active, and whole-class instruction. The set of statements is neither a prescription nor a micromanagement system but a springboard for personal reflection and collegial discussion. The instrument is divided into five sections: introducing the lesson,…

Naturalistic inquiry methods were used to explore the spiritual dimension of wilderness experiences among 26 participants in wilderness adventure programs. Participants identified their spiritual experiences and factors contributing to or inhibiting such experiences. Program recommendations are offered for planning wilderness trips conducive to…

Used participant observation to investigate the beliefs and practices of two teachers with contrasting programs. Findings suggested that the teachers' practices were contrasting when interpreted from the points of view of philosophical constructivism and positivism but not from the teachers' own philosophical humanism. Findings implied that…

Describes how the author, an elementary school principal, has changed his observational style and shifted his focus when visiting classrooms and evaluating teachers, as a result of his growing ethnographic understanding of classrooms as cultures and communities. (SR)

Investigates the interobserver agreement of the Learning Behavior Scale (LBS) by educators (n=16) observing students in special-education classes (n=72). No significant observer effect was found. Moreover, the LBS produced comparable levels of differential learning styles for assessments of individual children. (Author/MKA)

Considers the significance of the disappearance of close reading. Looks briefly at the devastation wrought by certain "gangster theories"--indeterminacy, misreading, and the idea that people all tell stories (all knowledge is determined by the situation in which people find themselves). Suggests that close reading and close observation…

Criticizes the account of observation given by Alan Chalmers in "What Is This Thing Called Science?" and provides an alternative based on direct realist approaches to perception. Contains 15 references. (Author/WRM)

Examined processes by which 4- and 5-year-olds initiate, organize, and maintain language play interactions. Found that as children voice incongruities of greater proportion, the emotional climate of play is heightened and ingenious verbal representations are provoked. Identified developmental features of hyperbolic language play. Contextualized…

To maintain a stimulating learning environment, a variety of teaching strategies must be used, and teachers must be constantly aware of what is going on in the classroom. Ways to become a skilled observer include using a skill goal improvement schedule, monitoring the physical environment, and learning to read nonverbal signs. (JOW)