Two experiments using five lists of words were conducted to explore the effects of the concreteness or abstractness of words on their tachistoscopic recognition. (Editor)

This experiment demonstrated that people can utilize relative situational frequency of occurrence to differentiate similary categorizable target items in paired-associate learning. (Editor)

Tests the hypothesis that when a "control for size" is introduced, preference for rectangles near the golden section reemerges. Also focuses on the "measure of preference". (Author/RK)

"Describes recent trends in funding for basic and applied research in psychology. Comparisons are made with other disciplines and in relation to available manpower. Some data are presented that bear on research costs, proposals funded, research quality, and support for young versus senior psychologists." (Author/JM)

The role of differential rehearsal opportunity in the free recall of remember- (R) and forget- (F) cued words was investigated as a function of the method of presentation. (Editor)

Assesses both individual-to-group and group-to-individual transfer on a concept-attainment task in a between-subjects design with both of the appropriate individual-to-individual and group-to-group controls. (Author/RK)

This research presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of "self-efficacy". (Editor/RK)

Summarizes key recommendations resulting from a meeting of national leaders in bioethics, multicultural research, and ethnic minority mental health. The recommendations focus on applying a cultural perspective to the evaluation of research risks and benefits; developing and implementing respectful informed consent procedures; developing and…

Discusses the Attitude Functions Inventory (AFI), which assesses the extent to which a person's attitude fulfills each of four psychological functions. Reports findings of a study, involving 249 undergraduates, that tested the construct validity of the AFI. Suggests that the AFI provides conceptually meaningful measures of the functions of…

Reviews speeches by former APA presidents to follow the historical development of psychology to its present status as an accepted science and profession. Discusses the nature of psychology as a discipline, science, and profession. Considers problems in the field and possible societal benefits from field research. (JS)

Argues that behavioral differentiation of the sexes is minimal when children are observed or tested individually. Sex differences emerge primarily in social situations resulting in social styles that place females at a disadvantage in interactions with males. The role of the nuclear family in the development of these styles is discussed. (FMW)

Three experiments investigated children's typical errors in judging the truth of universally quantified conditional sentences containing "P and not-Q." The error survived on sentences referring to particular things. For second- and fifth-graders, the error survived for nonuniversally quantified conditionals, and for second-graders, the…

Found eight-year-old British children less accurate at rejecting psuedohomophones than at rejecting ordinary nonwords in a lexical decision task. New Zealand children did not show the effect. Argues that the difference stems from British children's dependency on sounding out words. (SAK)

Highlights the contributions made by the papers in this special issue, and discusses remaining research problems and future research directions in the field of children's emotions and social competence. Notes that one of the most important points raised in this series of papers is the critical role of socialization in the development of emotions.…

Proposes a theory of reasoning and outlines four general types of reasoning (case-based, law-based, coherence-based, and dialectical) based on the constraints the reasoning seeks to honor. The development of reasoning is presented as a continuing construction and reconstruction of self-constraints and justifications for those constraints,…