The purpose of this paper is to promote a better understanding of contour map lines and the mental visualization of the topographic forms that they represent by detailing 17 principles of contour map reading and illustrating them with computer-generated, three-dimensional maps. (Author/BSR)

Describes a two-dimensional sand-tank model that illustrates the influence of ground slope on tile drain discharge and the movement of groundwater in general. The model can be used to demonstrate the effect of topography on sub-surface water movement in agricultural catchments, thus it is a useful hydrological teaching aid. (Author/BSR)

Argues that a scholarly discipline seems to progress best when it knows what it is and proceeds confidently in pursuing a generally accepted core of significant goals and questions. Identifies trends in geography which detract from or add to the progress of geography. Maintains that disciplinary accord is related to quality and amount of geography…

This article describes how medieval cartography and art showing landscape scenes communicate important geographical knowledge. Specific attention is devoted to "Haymaking," the 1565 painting of Pieter Brueghel. (JDH)

Presents a synopsis of the regional conference of the International Geographical Union held in August 1986 in Sitges, Spain. Identifies 10 international problems in geographical education and eight emerging instructional trends. Included is information on how to order copies of the papers presented at the conference. (JDH)

Provides practical advice on how to construct social surveys. Reviews ethical problems, sampling bias, problems of nonresponse, and the merits of self-completion versus interview surveys. A brief bibliography is attached. (JDH)

By analyzing nineteenth-century mental health data, college level geography students discover the concept of distance decay, which describes the decrease in intensity of a phenomenon with increasing distance from some central place. (RM)

The dependency concept, historical approach, contemporary problems and illustrations, and West Indians abroad are discussed to show how the Commonwealth Caribbean can serve as an effective area for a teaching approach that stresses an integrating, extraregional view of geography. (Author/ND)

Educators from around the state, with the help of The Vermont Institutes, developed Vermont History and Social Sciences Grade Cluster Expectations (GCEs) as a means to identify the content knowledge and skills expected of all students for local assessment required under Act 68. This work was accomplished using the "Vermont's Framework of…

In this exercise students examine data on the racial distribution within the thirteen junior high schools of Fresno. Then upon discovering evidence of de facto segregation, students research, discuss, and present plans for desegregating the city junior high schools. (Author)

Shows how the topic of McDonald's expansion abroad may be used by college instructors in cultural geography courses to illustrate themes such as the dynamics of cultural diffusion and change. McDonald's history of international expansion is described. (AM)

Explains how a simulation of aerial photography can help students in a college level beginning course on interpretation of aerial photography understand the interrelationships of the airplane, the camera, and the earth's surface. Procedures, objectives, equipment, and scale are discussed. (DB)

Discusses ways in which planetary comparisons can be used to help give students a new perspective on earth's natural environment. Describes tectonism, volcanism, gradation, cratering, wind, and temperature as they are affected by different planetary conditions. Includes a chart comparing average surface temperatures and greenhouse warming of three…