The purpose of this investigation was to describe behaviors observed as comprising leadership contention and gender differences in groups. As defined in this study, leadership contention differs from leadership in that it is comprised of behaviors individuals derive from their beliefs about what leaders do and is also specifically concerned with a…

A 70 item card-sort, the Conflict in Marriage Scale (CIMS), was devised to compare martial dissension, conflict involving children, and dominance reported by parents of schizophrenics (S) , MALADJUSTED (M), and community (C) young people. Each of the 77 middle class families had at least two children aged 13 through 27, with index patients 15…

Given that subjects are exposed to a non-sex-biased and counter-attitudinal message from a highly credible source, this study hypothesized that lowly ego-involved subjects would experience significantly greater attitude change than highly ego-involved subjects, regardless of their sex. The variable of ego-involvement was controlled by equalizing…

Research was conducted to investigate the phenomena associated with an individual's having perceived control or actual control over aversive stimuli. In all, 10 studies were conducted, 7 of which were directly relevant to investigating variables affecting perceived or actual control, and 3 being "spin-off" experiments. The seven studies…

This document is an English-language abstract (approximately 1,500 words) of a collective work, written mainly by researchers of the Philosophical Problem of Psychology, Section of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It describes, analyzes, and illustrates by reference to the most recent developments, the principal…

THE STUDIES REPORTED WERE ATTEMPTS TO LEARN THE INNER ARRANGEMENT OF DOING MATHEMATICS. MATHEMATICS WAS VIEWED AS A MATTER OF SOLVING PROBLEMS BY A SEQUENCE OF STEPS PERFORMED AS AN ALGORITHM. THE PROCESSES STUDIED WERE--(1) COUNTING OR ENUMERATING SETS, (2) SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX LOGICAL STATEMENTS, (3) ADDING LARGE NUMBERS, AND (4) MULTIPLYING.…

Forty first graders and 40 fifth graders were asked to allocate a limited number of rewards to two children working on identical tasks. Four experimental conditions were established by varying the workers' relative productivity and effort on the task. Fifth graders were generally found to utilize the norm of equity more than first graders in…

The history of basic research in the area of memory development is briefly reviewed as part of an attempt to illustrate how basic research can inform educational practice. The historical overview is supplemented by more detailed consideration of a few prototypical research studies. This is followed by a description of the progress, problems, and…

The purpose of the study is to provide information concerning the self esteem of blacks and whites under conditions of integrative and segregative simulated work groups. Subjects were 96 undergraduate students, half black and half white, who performed three laboratory tasks. Ziller's self esteem scales were used to measure the self esteem of…

Fifty patients who developed psychiatric problems after return from tours of Viet Nam combat duty were compared with a group of patients who had not had such duty. The Viet Nam returnees reported more conflicts in intimate relationships and had a higher incidence of depression and somatization than did the noncombat group. A study was made of…

This study examined the effects of different degrees of task structure on leadership between 18 married parents, 18 childless married spouses, and 18 unmarried men and women who comprised newly acquainted couples. Each couple completed three tasks which varied along the dimension of task structure and the order of task presentation. Analysis of…

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate an experimental procedure which lends itself to the controlled study of adult moral behavior. The procedure is a variation of Prisoner's Dilemma, a game widely used for the study of conflict resolution. The conflict generated by the game is both interpersonal and intrapersonal. The key issue in the…

The effects of self-disclosure and attitude similarity on the reduction of interpersonal conflict in a modification of the Prisoner's Dilemma Game were investigated in an experimental study of the behavior of 60 undergraduate students. Results supported hypotheses that self-disclosure and attitude similarity would elicit more conflict-reducing…

This study was undertaken to test the validity of Neuringer and Lettieri's hypothesis (suicide as a result of a life style versus suicide as an acute reaction to problem situations) about the relationship between suicidal behavior, state and cognitive style. (Author/RK)

The purpose of the present study was to explore the personalities of battering parents by obtaining quantifiable data about them from standard personality measures. The investigation was an inductive search for any consistencies in the personalities of child abusers. (Author/RK)