Crews of 18 U.S. Navy combat vessels rated their living and working conditions aboard ship, including degree of crowding. In order to better understand the behavioral effects of crowding, three different types of measures, corresponding to different definitions of crowding, were constructed. These separate crowding measures correlated uniquely…

If motivation to read fails to develop, reading failure is the outcome. All of us have very delicately balanced neural systems for integrating incoming sensory inputs, evaluating their significance in the light of past experience, and storing the learning for future use. Autistic and hyperkinetic children apparently have unbalanced neurological…

A scale to measure fear of women's success (SASWS) modeled after the Situational Attitude Scale (SAS) was administered to 59 upperclass students (33 females, 26 males). Results indicate that both men and women feel that male success is more expected and believable in our society. However, the hypothesis that women show a greater tendency to avoid…

A study of children's developing attitudes toward their own and foreign countries is described. Children (ages 6 to 12) in England, Scotland, Austria, Belgium, and Greece were used as subjects. Information is included on (1) attitudes toward foreign countries, (2) affiliation with their own country, (3) perception of similarities and…

This study evaluated the effects of individual differences in attitudes toward sex roles on the learning of neutral material associated with situations differing in rated sex-role appropriateness. It was hypothesized that if sexism is a valid dimension as measured in this study, then "sexists" would learn nonsense syllables associated with scenes…

The basic objective of this monograph is to present and review a few selected theories of person-environment interaction which have stimulated meaningful research. Five theoretical viewpoints are included: Barker's theory of behavior settings, the subcultural approach, Holland's theory of personality types and model environments, Stern's need x…

A summary of the overall methodology in science education is presented in this book for the purpose of serving as a source book for teachers, scientists, and science educators in India. The book is divided into ten chapters. The first two chapters are concerned with revolution in science teaching abroad and science education history in India,…

The relationship to first grade ability and achievement levels of children with day-care attendance for as long as five years prior to entry into the first grade was studied. In particular, the study was concerned with the potentially harmful effects of prolonged program attendance itself as a form of maternal separation rather than with speed and…

A study on individual differences in problem solving approach and their relationships to various learning-related parameters was conducted with a random sample of 25 subjects enrolled in an introductory physics course utilizing instruction through audio-tutorial methods. The subjects received interviews consisting of four problems in energy…

Reminiscence, or an increase in retention scores from a short-to-long-term retention test, has been shown in some previous work to be a significant function of arousal. Previous studies of the effects of color versus black-and-white audiovisual presentations have generally used film or television and have found no facilitating effect of color on…

The author presents a summary of selected theoretical concepts and empirical evidence from the field of psychology, relating to the meaning of the term "meaning." He first summarizes experimental techniques for the investigation of meaning in terms of six approaches: conditioning methods, word association methods, word association/verbal learning…

Female subjects in this study were induced to harm another person in an alleged "learning" study by administering aversive noise to a confederate-victim as she performed a problem-solving task. The subjects consisted of forty-six female undergraduates enrolled in Introductory Psychology at the University of Toronto. They were randomly assigned to…

The purpose of this research was to conduct a preliminary analysis of a new instrument designed to measure the psychological environment of the classroom. The instrument, the Classroom Environment Index (CEI), has been developed in an initial form. The structure was essentially the same as the other Syracuse Indexes (College Characteristics Index,…

A monograph exploring issues in behavior and behavioral objectives is presented. Following the introduction, there are six sections in this book. In the opening section, George Henry uses a philosophical point of view to look for goals underlying the behaviorist's approach to English teaching. Section two is a sympathetic examination of the ends…

Recently, behavioral researchers have extended the application of operant conditioning techniques from the behavior management of individual students to the behavior management of entire classes of students. This extension has been facilitated through the utilization of such contingencies as the interdependent group-oriented contingency. The…