Causal reasoning is a fundamental cognitive process that supports a wide range of learning activities such as making predictions and inferences, explaining phenomena, and drawing conclusions. In physics learning, causal reasoning plays an important role in developing conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. This study builds off the…

We designed a rubric to assess free-response exam problems in order to compare thinking skills evidenced in exams in classes taught by different pedagogies. The rubric was designed based on Bloom's taxonomy and then used to code exam problems. We have analyzed historical and recent exam problems in both algebra-based and calculus-based exams. In…

Smartphones are no longer just a communication tool, but also a means of information exchange by students. Smartphone may also positively contribute to students' higher order thinking skills (HOTS). This research aimed to determine smartphone usage intensity, students' HOTS level, and the effect of smartphone usage intensity on students' HOTS in…

This study looks at innovative learnings' effect on achieving students' High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). HOTS is one part of the skills that need to be developed in the 21st Century. This research is a quantitative study with a meta-analysis approach to the mean with random-effects models. Generally, the steps involve formulating research…

Purpose: This research aimed to examine the usefulness of a microbiology digital handout as a teaching material validated by experimental research in the improvement of science process skills and cognitive learning outcome of students. Methodology: The study comprises two methods: experimental research and development research. The experimental…

This paper denotes the findings from an action research project, which applied problem-based learning (PBL) in linguistics courses in an MA TESOL program in Vietnam. The project aimed to study the extent to which the use of problem-based tasks in semantic courses could promote students' employment of higher-order thinking skills in their learning.…

Creativity, giftedness, and leadership are complex, important phenomena, especially in the threatening turbulence of 21st-century conditions; consequently, there is an increasing need to understand how to strengthen them. We can learn much about these phenomena from within the borders of specialized disciplines; however, they are too complex and…

This article introduces the concept of adaptive intelligence--the intelligence one needs to adapt to current problems and anticipate future problems of real-world environments--and discusses its implications for education. Adaptive intelligence involves not only promoting one's own ability to survive and thrive, but also that of others in one's…

One desired outcome of introductory physics instruction is that students will develop facility with reasoning quantitatively about physical phenomena. Little research has been done regarding how students develop the algebraic concepts and skills involved in reasoning productively about physics quantities, which is different from either…

The ability to make evidence-based decisions, and hence to reason on questions concerning scientific and societal aspects, is a crucial goal in science education and science communication. However, science denial poses a constant challenge for society and education. "Controversial science issues" (CSI) encompass scientific knowledge…

This research aims to analyse a teacher's questioning activity using oral open-ended questions in the mathematics classroom in three phases: the teacher asks open-ended mathematics questions orally, students answer the questions, and the teacher responds to the answers. This research involved a mathematics teacher and twenty-three year 7 students…

Generalization is a critical component of mathematics learning, but it can be challenging to foster generalization in classroom settings. Teachers need access to better tools and resources to teach for generalization, including an understanding of what tasks and pedagogical moves are most effective. This study identifies the types of instruction,…

"Core Practices for Project-Based Learning" offers a framework and essential set of strategies for successfully implementing project-based learning (PBL) in the classroom. Centering on teaching practice, this work moves beyond project planning to focus on the complex instructional demands of the student-centered PBL approach. Pam…

The shortage of qualified candidates for entry-level positions has created a major staffing dilemma for American employers. The problem addressed in this study was that many secondary students lack the social-emotional skills required for employability in the 21st-century workforce. The purpose of this qualitative generic study was to explore…

Research suggests that special education teachers lack the pedagogical expertise and content knowledge needed to teach core mathematics standards and to develop the mathematical reasoning of fifth- and sixth-grade students with a mathematics learning disability (MLD). This study used a multiple-baseline design with randomization to examine the…