At a time when the term Facist'' has surfaced again as a common epithet in the parlance of many political groups, a closer look at the relationship of youth to the Facist movements of the interwar years is certainly in order. (JB)

French intellectual thought changed during the Napoleonic Era. The effects of the Enlightenment philosophers, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and Romanticism on the development of Napoleon's philosophical outlook are used to illustrate the changes occurring in France as a whole in the early nineteenth century. (AM)

Discussed is how G. M. Young's historical essay, "Victorian England: Portrait of an Age," is a reflection of its time and of the abiding cultural concerns of Young's intellectual life. (RM)

Argues that the British industrial revolution was in no sense inevitable and scarcely deserves the term "revolution." Examined are the characteristics which the British shared with other Europeans and ways in which they were distinctive that enabled them to become the first industrial nation. (RM)

Examines how the concept of justness influenced the conduct of wars in the early Middle Ages. The author offers a new interpretation of Gregory of Tours' perspective on war as found in his "Historia Francorum." (AM)

Speculates on the relationship between the execution of history in practice and the conceptualization of history in theory by examining the rhetorical elements in the resignation episode of the Duke of Wellington. (MH)

Presents an unorthodox account of the onset of World War I based on speculations about alternative outcomes. Considers reasons that historians are reluctant to imagine counter-factuals and argues that this lack of imagination may cause them to overlook some of the historical causes they seek. (DMM)

Describes how geometric and mathematical principles were harnessed in the construction and formulation of perfect letters in 15th-century Europe. Discusses the search for the perfect letter. (ASK)

Participants in the public discourse pertaining to religious education and education for citizenship in English schools between 1934 and 1944 included many "Christian educationists". They advocated a conservative and elitist form of education for citizenship as taught through indirect training, Arnoldian public school traditions and…

The article outlines a deficit in Holocaust education: The motives of the perpetrators and bystanders are often not dealt with. In order to explore these motives, interviews with former Nazis were conducted and evaluated in the "Geschichte und Erinnerung" (History and Memory) research project; two of the findings are presented here. Subsequently…

Since World War II, European museums have abandoned their laissez-faire policy and design, and have decided to actively teach or guide visitors' learning. The position of museum educator has been created to place objects in their scientific, social, or historical context, and to help members of the public to extract the maximum meaning from these…

Traces the historical sequence that establishes a clear line of connection from Newton and Locke through the philosophy of the Enlightenment and the evolution of deism to the American political tradition. (Author/GS)

Considered the need Poland has for a collective memory of its past, a history by which it can grow again. (RK)

The theme for the celebration of the Library of Congress treasures, "The World Encompassed," is suggested by the title of a nephew's account of Sir Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the earth. This account is part of the Sir Francis Drake collection donated by patrons to the library. In April 1581, Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth…

Discusses the history of Spain and shows the influence of the many cultures that have contributed to the formation and development of present-day Castilian Spanish. Documents in the monastery of San Millan de la Cogolla testify to some of the origins. (Text is in Spanish.) (TL)