As a person learns, his problem solving ability improves and one reason for this is the increased acquisition of "macro-rules" which make problem solving more efficient. An intelligent computer assisted learning (ICAI) system is being developed which automatically acquires the useful knowledge from the domain experts; as experts give the learning…

The 15 essays in this book reveal the complexity of teaching writing, with some contributors calling into question the gap between classroom theory and classroom practice as seen through students' and tutors' perspectives. The book analyzes the cornerstone of theory and proposes a reexamination of some taken-for-granted composition practices.…

Providing alternatives to the way grammar is taught, this proceedings includes every paper (or summary) except one delivered at a conference on the future of grammar in American schools. Papers in the proceedings are: "Keynote: The Future of Grammar in American Schools" (Martha Kolln); "Approaches to Grammar: Teaching &…

Writing centers are one place where expert-novice interactions are likely to occur. Students often assume that tutors possess expertise by virtue of their appointment as tutors. The tutor, for his/her part, often assumes that the student's knowledge is deficient in the area in which the student is seeking advice. The complex interactional and…

In the Student Development Tutoring Model (SDTM), tutors engage students with content in such a way as to both increase their understanding of content as well as their ability to use learning strategies independently in the future. To develop and evaluate a procedure for preparing tutors to use behaviors consistent with the SDTM, New York's Bronx…

A project augmented instruction in writing skills given to learners in the Crawford County (Pennsylvania) READ Program with staff development that involved tutors and learners in a paired workshop setting. Four staff development workshops were conducted for tutor-learner pairs on improving writing instruction and skills. Four follow-up workshops…

Supplemental Instruction (SI) has been firmly established as a tool for helping college students succeed in beginning writing courses. The SI model is based on a Piagetian-constructivist theoretical framework, which holds that learning is an active process in which learners "construct" their own knowledge, making it an essential part of…

A quasi-experimental study compared achievement effects of various configurations of the Success for All (SFA), schoolwide reform model for elementary schools serving many at-risk students, from full implementation (certified tutoring, full-time school-level facilitator, and the family support team) to implementations lacking some elements felt to…

For any student, the first semester of graduate school is the most traumatic experience in his or her career as a graduate student. Fortunately, there are some things that can be done to make the transition for these students easier. Getting undergraduate students involved in the classrooms in positions of pedagogical responsibility is the most…

The National Goals for Education signal a new paradigm. To strengthen this paradigm, a 20-year apprenticeship, starting in the fifth grade, is proposed for all future teachers and professors (in fact, all students, regardless of career goals at that time). Twelve years of peer tutoring experience for virtually all students would begin this…

Using an emergent literacy perspective, a qualitative case study examined a child who struggled to become a reader. The study was based on data gathered during a 33-month tutoring intervention extending from the end of repeated first grade to mid-fourth grade. Interviews and documents were used to reconstruct the child's literacy history prior to…

A literacy program was developed and conducted through the tribal library for the members of Santa Clara Pueblo (New Mexico). Two library staff members surveyed the community, developed a literacy program, and then implemented it. The program included both individual and group tutoring. The group classes were more successful, with 64 enrollees and…

This manual provides a comprehensive training approach for preparing high school students to tutor at all grade levels in many different content areas. The first chapter provides an introduction to the peer tutoring concept. The material is geared toward helping the tutor gain self-understanding and awareness of personal strengths and weaknesses.…

This handbook was written specifically for volunteer tutors but is appropriate for teachers, student interns, coordinators, and others working with Adult Basic Education (ABE) and English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) adult learners. It presents an overview of adult and non-traditional education models, some principles of reading and writing, a…

This proceedings document focuses on research and program development in developmental education and instruction in mathematics, reading, and writing. Papers are: "Down in the Trenches: Tutors Learning about Learning" (Jace Condravy); "Expanding the Role of Developmental Education in Research Institutions" (Patricia Dwinell and others);…