A guide for using an abacus is accompanied by a heavy-duty paper abacus. The guide includes instruction in how to represent numbers on an abacus as well as in place value, addition, carrying, subtraction, and borrowing. Diagrams are used throughout the guide and a brief English-Spanish vocabulary list specific to the use of the abacus is included.…

The study concerns the performances of first grade children in solving problems involving subtraction situations and the relationship of these performances to levels of conservation of numerousness and to I.Q. groups. The subjects were grouped into levels of conservation by a pretest administered prior to the main test of problem solving in…

The author describes a technique for teaching various aspects of the subtraction algorithm (e.g., regrouping, borrowing) by relating them to the use of money. (SD)

Children are asked to describe the subtraction process or to describe a context in which subtraction may be used. (JLH)

Presented is a paradigm for teaching basic and semibasic arithmetic facts to children with arithmetic difficulties, in which the student progresses from the use of concrete materials such as blocks, to the use of diagrams such as tally marks, to a reasoning process, to responding in an automatic manner. (DLS)

An algorithm is given for the addition and subtraction of fractions based on dividing the sum of diagonal numerator and denominator products by the product of the denominators. As an explanation of the teaching method, activities used in teaching are demonstrated. (MN)

Helping teachers to build a strong bridge from concrete experiences to algorithms is the focus. A detailed sequence of activities is described. (MN)

Two studies examine preschool children's knowledge of the effects of the physical processes of addition and subtraction on the relative amounts of two sets. Results indicate that most preschool children discover the nature of addition and subtraction outside of their formal education and rather than having to teach these ideas, teachers can use…

Suggestions for improving problem-solving skills of first-grade students are made after the results of five studies of addition and subtraction story problems are presented. (JT)

Methods that have been used with a high degree of success in correcting errors in subtraction are discussed. (JT)

An approach is illustrated that introduces selected models of addition and subtraction to students who have previously learned a model for either operation. (JT)

Issues include consistent individual differences in children's strategy choices, interpretation of differences within a framework, and the relation of differences to standardized test performance. (RJC)

Provides four pages of practice problems covering the skills of multiplication, addition, and subtraction. Follows the premise that many arithmetic operations be done in working toward a solution. The sheets could be photocopied as worksheets or handouts. (JM)

The influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement through observation of peer models learning cognitive skills was investigated. The effects of modeled mastery and coping behaviors were explored. Observing a peer model led to higher self-efficacy for learning, posttest self-efficacy, and achievement. (Author/DWH)

Problems based on shopping experiences are presented on two posters. Children practice estimation and computation with addition and subtraction. (MNS)