Given that a pupil's capacity to learn is based largely on his/her ability to handle language, the results of achievement tests within the immigrant communities have highlighted the culture-laden nature of these tests. They are unfair in assessing the immigrants' language and academic ability. (PJM)

Piaget's formal operational stage is related to the teaching of science by focusing on the development of paper and pencil tests for determining students' cognitive level of development and on procedures for helping concrete operational students improve achievement and become more formal in their thinking. (JMF)

This paper is intended to aid interpretation of intelligence tests in light of neurological findings and to suggest future test designs which would reflect cerebral hemisphere specialization. The need is emphasized for improved measures of right brain functioning, especially for Blacks, who exhibit some degree of right hemisphere preference. (SJL)

Students enrolled in an introductory biology course were tested to measure prior knowledge and locus of control; data were used to examine trends in achievement. Findings suggest relative importance of prior knowledge and relative insignificance of locus of control in learning biology concepts at the college level. (DS)

The hypothesis was tested that students with a field-independent cognitive style would learn most about numeration systems if they had minimum guidance and maximum opportunity for discovery through the use of manipulative materials. Data were gathered on 46 prospective elementary school teachers. The hypothesis was supported. (Author/MH)

The optional shift performance of 52 reflective and 50 impulsive second-grade girls was assessed under two response-consequence conditions: (1) reward for correct responses only, and (2) reward for correct responses and a penalty for incorrect responses. (Author/MP)

The Orientation and Motivation Inventory was administered to a sample of high school boys and girls and factor analyzed. Eleven factors for boys and ten factors for girls were extracted, confirming 10 of 12 postulated dimensions. (Author/JKS)

The development of an inventory of approaches to studying, undertaken at the University of Lancaster, is reported. Concepts such as motivation, study behavior, styles, and strategies are considered, the inventory scale is defined, and relationships between study strategies and academic performance are discussed. (Author/JMD)

Junior high school and college students participated in three experiments that explored the effects of postquestion treatments on learning from slide/tape presentations. Results seem to indicate that inserted postquestions can increase the learning of question relevant information without impairing learning efficiency. (Author/JEG)

The degree of relationship between academic achievement, as assessed by college grade-point average, and information processing habits, as measured by the scales of the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP) was investigated. Results specify differences in processing between successful and unsuccessful students. (Author/JKS)

Two hundred gifted and talented secondary students received an intensive exposure to a diverse array of learning and thinking experiences (indirect training) while 68 graduate students received intensive training in creative problem solving with emphasis on right cerebral hemisphere functions (direct training). (CL)

Subjects with internal or external locus of control were instructed to remeber as much as possible from an array of letter strings generated from a finite state grammar. While both groups attended to the exemplars, internals extracted more invariance and hence learned more about the underlying grammatical structure. (Author/SJL)

Investigated the hypothesis that impulsive children differ from reflective children in their preferred strategy of information processing, based on extent of stimulus analysis. The experiments employed third, fourth and sixth graders and a variety of tasks including matching, grouping, recall, and concept attainment. (MS)

Commentary based on Frank Riessman's book "The Inner-City Child." Concludes that whatever is done to build on the strengths that inner-city children bring to school will be done by individual school people who find the personal and professional strength to do it. (Author/IRT)

Multiple-intelligences theory (MI) explores how cultures and disciplines shape human potential. Both MI and learning-style theories reject dominant ideologies of intelligence. Whereas learning styles are concerned with differences in the learning process, MI centers on learning content and products. Blending learning styles and MI theories via…