Supported by decades of research on praise and its effect on student behaviors, we developed the Behavior-Specific Praise--Observation Tool (BSP-OT) to measure characteristics of effective praise. We evaluated interrater reliability of the BSP-OT to measure praise specificity, contingency, and variety using intraclass correlation (ICC) and Cohen's…

Background: Social vulnerability refers to the ways in which an individual is at risk of being victimised. The Test of Interpersonal Competences and Personal Vulnerability [TICPV] is an Australian assessment tool designed for adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) [Wilson et al. (1996). Vulnerability to criminal exploitation: Influence of…

This study serves two purposes. The first purpose is the development and validation of a Mathematics Teachers' Beliefs Scale (MTBS). In addition to providing a valid and reliable MTBS instrument, this study provides information on the process of developing and validating the instrument, which shall be useful for the development and validation of…

In assembling testlets (i.e., test forms) with a pool of new and used item blocks, test security is one of the main issues of concern. Strict constraints are often imposed on repeated usage of the same item blocks. Nevertheless, for an assessment administering multiple testlets, a goal is to select as large a sample of testlets as possible. In…

Teacher working conditions (TWCs) have been linked to teacher retention and student learning. These connections make TWCs important to understand. However, the literature on TWCs lacks cohesiveness, with widely varying definitions, conceptualizations, and measures of TWCs. Contributing to this lack of cohesion is that there is no accepted…

Given the crucial role of feedback in supporting learning in higher education, understanding the factors influencing feedback effectiveness is imperative. Student feedback literacy, that is, the set of attitudes and abilities to make sense of and utilize feedback is therefore considered a key concept. Rigorous investigations of feedback literacy…

This research aims to adapt the Teachers Homework Reasons scale into Turkish and develop the Teachers Homework Feedback Frequency scale. The study involved 475 primary, secondary, and high school teachers from northeastern Turkey, with an average age of 41.25 years and an equal gender distribution. The sample was divided into two sub-groups: one…

Background: Multiple-choice item (MCI) assessments are burdensome for instructors to develop. Artificial intelligence (AI, e.g., ChatGPT) can streamline the process without sacrificing quality. The quality of AI-generated MCIs and human experts is comparable. However, whether the quality of AI-generated MCIs is equally good across various domain-…

In this digital age, digital multimodal composing (DMC) has permeated the L2 classroom as a technology-enhanced L2 writing task. Despite the learning potential of DMC for L2 students, instruments that measure L2 students' DMC competence are rare. As such, the present study sought to develop and validate an L2 student DMC competence scale in the…

An essential component of language instruction is classroom-based assessment, which is used to inform instructional decisions and gauge student progress. The current study explores how EFL teachers visualize developing classroom-based assessments at Debark Secondary Schools in the North Gondar Zone. The study employed a concurrent parallel…

As artificial intelligence (AI) receives wider attention in education, examining teachers' acceptance of AI (TAAI) becomes essential. However, existing instruments measuring TAAI reported limited validity evidence and faced some design challenges, such as missing informed definitions of AI to participants. To fill this gap, this study developed…

With the continuous development of society, the form of reading has gradually transitioned from traditional paper-based reading to modern digital reading. At the same time, reading that mainly meets leisure and entertainment needs has become an important component of modern life. university students are one of the main groups of leisure digital…

The rapid advancement of educational technologies in recent decades has underscored the increasing importance of digital literacy (DL) as a core competency for all students, as recognised in various educational policies and programs. Evaluating students' DL is crucial for providing valuable insights to guide future educational initiatives. This…

Effective learning strategies have been proven to be advantageous to lower learners' foreign language anxiety (FLA) and improve their language proficiency. However, many studies have devoted to students' learning strategies but ignored the important role of teachers in reducing FLA. In addition, the effectiveness of the FLA-reducing strategies…

The rise of machine translation demands a fundamental shift in both translators' roles and educational approaches. However, translation education research and practice have struggled to keep pace with the latest developments. To bridge the pedagogical gap, this study conceptualises machine translation literacy within the context of translation…