This document reports on a series of visual scanning studies done with Israeli preschoolers and kindergartners to resolve issues related to diagnostic test and instructional materials design. The first study assessed the effect of item content on error rate. Three multiple-choice tests, differing only in item content, were given to 38…

The multiple image presentation format investigated in this research review refers in most cases to the use of more than one image, with or without audio synchronization, on a single screen or multiple screens, with slides or any appropriate media mix to accomplish a predetermined learning task. Studies reviewed are divided into three categories:…

The efficacy of gating in the processing of simple, multidimensional stimuli was investigated. In Experiment 1, a continuous classification task was used, with subjects sorting cards according to binary dimensions of line orientation and location. Results suggested that orientation and location are integral dimensions, facilitation occurring with…

Children in grades 1 and 4 and adults were given instruction to image or to verbalize a sentence in order to study a stimulus provided aurally. Both types of instruction enhanced memory, but results indicate the greater requirements for subject-generated mediation to some degree penalized younger subjects and benefited older ones. (GO)

Three experiments are reported regarding reaction time. Letter comparison time was found to increase when other irrelevant letters were present, regardless of whether or not the letters made up a word or a word-like configuration. Word comparison time was found to increase when distractors were similar to targets. (Author/RM)

The author compares the aggressiveness of individuals who had a nonaggressive alternative available with those who did not, and assesses the interaction of the presence or absence of the nonaggressive response alternative with the opponent's pattern of attack. Results are discussed in terms of attribution and locus of control. (Author/RK)

Examines color selection by second- and third-grade children and college students following exposure to happy and sad pictures. Similar color selection was found for both groups. (BD)

Evaluates possible differences in the cognitive representations of semantic categories between children and adults independent of spontaneous memory skills. Response latencies on a classification task were compared for second, fourth, and sixth grades and college students. (Author/MP)

Results of the experiment show that the generality or specificity of the verbal lable determines which of six versions of the drawings are accepted as formerly seen and which are not, and that the pattern of acceptance for the unlabeled parts corresponds to that of the labeled ones. (Author/RM)

Children in grades 5-7 were shown emotionally ambiguous slides of Japanese and East Indian Canadians paired with positively evaluated words. There was no change in positive attitudes towards the less threatening group (Japanese), but a significant change toward the more threatening group (East Indians), the reverse of the findings of a previous…

A modification of Posner's letter-matching paradigm is employed to study the development of abstract visual and name codes for letters in second, fourth, and sixth grade students. (CM)

Two experiments are reported which compared different forms of presentation of a perspective-taking task. The task required 4-year-old children to select pictures showing another person's view of an array similar to Piaget and Inhelder's mountains. (Editor)

Results of a study to determine whether paired-comparisons i intransitivity is a function of intransitivity associated with specific stimulus objects rather than a function of the entire set of stimulus objects suggested that paired-comparisons intransitivity relates to individual differences variables associated with the respondent. (Author/CTM)