This report is the second in a two-part series introducing an interactive activation model of context effects in perception. In the first part, a model for the perception of letters in words and other contexts was described and applied to a number of experiments. This second part applies the same model to a number of new experiments designed to…

This study examined the use of directive speech forms by 46 children 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-years of age as a function of different tasks (play with dolls versus play with colored stickers) and of the presence versus absence of a peer partner. Directive utterances were stimultaneously categorized according to structure, form and the person they…

This study is an investigation of 2-month-old infants' abilities to visually localize visual and auditory peripheral stimuli. Each subject (N=40) was presented with 50 trials; 25 of these visual and 25 auditory. The infant was placed in a semi-upright infant seat positioned 122 cm from the center speaker of an arc formed by five loudspeakers. At…

This study followed the development of visual preferences in a single infant from birth to 10 weeks of age. The stimuli used were 5 x 10 item arrays of squares of lines in which a 3 x 3 target matrix of the other figure type (line or square) was embedded. The direction of first fixation and the total time spent looking at each side were determined…

A GUIDE FOR PLANNING SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION FOR DEVELOPING INDEPENDENT WORD ATTACK PRESENTS THE SKILLS NECESSARY FOR MASTERING SIGHT VOCABULARY, WORD RECOGNITION, AND THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY. SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND EXAMPLES OF TEACHING TECHNIQUES WITH THE SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHONETIC AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS…

IN THIS LIMITED STUDY, THE AUTHOR, ASSUMING THAT LOW ABILITY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FROM POOR FAMILIES HAVE THE MOST DIFFICULTY WITH PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION, USED CARTOONS TO TEST THREE LARGE PROJECT HEADSTART CLASSES (N-280) ON THREE FACTS AND ON EIGHT MORAL ATTITUDE ITEMS. TWICE THE PREFERRED ANSWERS WERE TAUGHT, AND THE CHILDREN RE-TESTED, BUT…

The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the variables that influence the learning of verbal material received by subjects via the aural modality, (2) how learning under conditions of aural reception compare with learning of the same materials under appropriately equivalent visual conditions, and (3) in what combinations learning is…

The hypothesis that a combined pictorial and textual stimulus would result in shared and thus reduced stimulus control was investigated. It was also hypothesized that interest-loading of the word stimuli would heighten the attention given to the stimulus. Colorful content words were pictorially representable nouns selected on the basis of their…

Inquiry is a disciplined process by which individuals move from knowledge of concrete data to the formulation of abstract concepts. Television can serve the needs of inquiry, especially visual (as opposed to verbal) inquiry, if it can be made flexible enough to bring data into the classroom at the instant needed for making decisions or asking…

Some basic tenets of the audiovisual approach to language instruction are challenged in this article which considers the ways in which "meaning" is given to sound sequences. It is argued here that (1) the meaning of a sound sequence does not derive solely or primarily from visual stimuli, (2) that different parts of speech derive meaning in…

This annotated bibliography on visual perception and its relation to reading is composed of 55 citations ranging in date from 1952 to 1965. Its divisions include Perception of Shape by Young Children, Perception of Words by Children, Perception in Backward Readers, and Perception of Shapes, Letters, and Words by Adults. Listings which include…

Recognition memory of components of complex pictures was assessed developmentally for kindergarteners, third and sixth graders, and college students. It was assumed that the relations among items in multi-component line drawings are constrained by at least two organizational dimensions, structure and content, which influence retention of pictured…

Two studies concerning the language-stimulation value of pictures for children were conducted. The first study tested the validity of a formula that classifies pictures as having high, medium, or low potency, based on the amount of language they stimulate in viewers. (The formula takes into account factors such as the number of animals, people,…

In a poststimulus cueing task subjects reported either the identity of items or their category membership. Results indicated that readout from Visual Information Storage (VIS) is not selective for conceptual categories. Rapid conceptual categorization of the type found in visual search experiments probably occurs at a processing stage subsequent…

The purposes of this study are (1) to analyze learning ability in newborns using heart rate responses to auditory temporal conditioning and (2) to correlate these with measures on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Twenty normal neonates were tested using the Brazelton Scale on the third day of life. They were also given a…