Four pigeons were exposed to second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were earned according to a fixed-ratio (token-production) schedule, with the opportunity to exchange tokens for food (exchange period) occurring after a fixed number had been produced (exchange-production ratio).…

The scientific model of how people see things is far removed from children's real-world experience. They know that light is needed in order to see an object, but may not know that light is reflected off the object and some of that light enters the eyes. In this article, the author explores children's understanding of reflection and how to develop…

This book contains scaled-down versions of Exploratorium exhibits that teachers can make using common, inexpensive, easily available materials. Each topic begins with a drawing of the original full-sized exhibit on the museum floor, a photograph of the scaled-down version which contains an introduction to the exhibit, a list of materials needed…

This student artist's handbook provides illustrations and instructions for rendering three-dimensional form with light and shade. Focus is on realistic representation and imitation of natural phenomena. Fifteen chapters cover: (1) "Black-and-White Silhouette; (2) "Minimal Light"; (3) "Five Categories of Light and Shade";…

This lesson plan is intended for use in conducting classes on photosynthesis. Presented first are an attention step/problem statement and a series of questions and answers designed to convey general information about photosynthesis. The following topics are among those discussed: the photosynthesis process and its importance, the organisms that…

Describes a device which employs two diffraction gratings and three or four simple lenses to produce arbitrary absorption or emission spectra that may be doppler shifted and spectroscopically examined by students some distance away. It may be regarded as a sort of artificial star whose spectrum may be analyzed as an undergraduate laboratory…

Describes equipment set up and experiment objectives, variables, analyses of data as well as data interpretation. Deals with surface colors besides the classical examples of black and white. (BR)

Describes an approach wherein the student selects a single type of simple item and uses it as the basis for making a physics demonstration. Provides an example that uses a cheese dish in eighteen different demonstrations. (GS)

Describes liquid surface holograms including their application to medicine. Discusses interference and diffraction phenomena using sound wave scanning techniques. Compares focussing by zone plate to holographic image development. (GH)

Directed primarily toward the person familiar with computer technology rather than the traditional art educator, this master's thesis addresses new approaches to color theory and its impact on electronic art media. Technical considerations related to color coming from electronic sources, i.e., radiant light, and differences between radiant and…

Describes various methods of rendering visible the paths followed by a laser beam for direct viewing or for photographic purposes. (Author/GS)

This brochure gives an overview to solar photovoltaic energy production. Some of the topics discussed are: (1) solar cell construction; (2) parallel and series cell arrays; (3) effects of location on solar cell array performance; (4) solar economics; (5) space aplications of solar photovoltaic power; and (6) terrestrial applications of solar…

Instructions accompanied by illustrations for building a low-cost demonstration spectroscope are presented. Materials and tools are pictured and labeled. Cost is estimated at five dollars (in 1980) and twelve hours of work are required to build the spectroscope. (SA)