This booklet reports on a project for the development of teachers' manuals and students' workbooks for Swedish schools on peace education. The work resulted in five separate teachers' manuals and three students' workbooks for different educational levels. "Schooling for Peace" is seen as an ambitious effort in an area where the lack of…

In this study, reasoning about moral responsibilities in friendships on the part of 97 subjects was assessed at the ages of 7, 9, 12, and 15 years. Assessment was undertaken of: (1) general reasoning about the moral obligation of promise keeping; (2) general reasoning about responsibilities in friendship; and (3) situation-specific reasoning about…

The present study examined the role of similarity of experience in young children's affective reactions to others. Some preschoolers played one of two games (Puzzle Board or Buckets) and were informed that they had either failed or succeeded; others merely observed the games being played and were given no evaluative feedback. Subsequently, each…

The Living Systems Framework was used to generate four categories of parent behaviors that might affect processes responsible for eliciting prosocial behavior in children: (1) teaching values, rules, and standards; (2) providing opportunities for rehearsal and mastery; (3) providing opportunities for self-regulation and self-control; and (4)…

The construct of empathy may be located conceptually at several different points in a network of social cognition and vicarious emotion. This paper discusses one specific form of emotional empathy, empathy in response to perceiving another person in need. First, evidence is reviewed suggesting that there are at least two distinct types of…

A 3-year control study was conducted to determine whether the use of self-esteem program materials could have a significant impact on staff or student self-esteem and functioning within the school setting. The study used three experimental schools and three control schools. Teachers in the three experimental schools were provided orientation,…

Preschoolers' negotiations were studied for the purposes of linking two lines of research previously treated separately and extending the analysis of children's negotiations beyond the first move. A total of 24 boys and girls between 3.5 and 5.5 years of age were individually required to provide both requests and refusals in a controlled context.…

A study was made of aspects of Italian children's moral behavior and moral reasoning in equity and non-equity situations. Subjects were male and female children of low socioeconomic status who were between the approximate ages of 8.5 and 10.5 years. Groups of four children were formed to include subjects of various sociometric status: one high,…

Religiosity is a complex concept and difficult to define for at least two reasons. The first reason is the uncertainty and imprecise nature of the English language. Colloquially, in "Roget's Thesaurus" (Lewis, 1978), religiosity is found to be synonymous with such terms as religiousness, orthodoxy, faith, belief, piousness, devotion, and holiness.…

Sharing behaviors of infants who had experienced early separation through hospitalization from their mothers were compared to behaviors of infants who had experienced no such separation. Responses of the mothers to their infants' prosocial behavior were also analyzed. Subjects were twenty 1-year-old infants and their mothers. On the basis of the…

Research on altruism has found that persons experiencing either positive or negative moods are often more altruistically inclined than their counterparts experiencing neutral affective states. Prosocial behavior may become self-gratifying and altruism may be a form of hedonism. A field study investigated the effects of positive and negative moods…

A content analysis of scientific communication in the behavioral sciences from 1900 to 1970 was undertaken to ascertain whether or not a shift in orientation of research from negative to positive forms of social behavior has been occurring in recent years. Positive behaviors are those which emphasize the well-being and integrity of other persons…

This paper discusses factors that affect parent-child relationships when children become adolescents. Several factors are seen to be related to the development of reciprocity in parenting behaviors between adolescents and their parents. Factors related to the development of reciprocity are (1) teenagers' physical and intellectual development and…

Playfulness as a quality of play in young children is seen as related to competence, and as such can be encouraged by making children aware of what they are capable of doing. Guidelines and examples of fostering playfulness in children are spelled out for caretakers. Reference is also made to studies indicating that playfulness is related to the…

This cross-cultural analysis examines three child rearing conditions which affect the development of prosocial behavior in children. (CM)