Mandated under Article 1, Section 2 of the United States Constitution, the decennial census determines the distribution of power and resources based upon population counts. College students are a hard-to-count population with limited knowledge about why the census matters and how to complete it. Politics and the global health pandemic made the…

We study the 1992 higher education expansion reform in Turkey and examine how the expansion program changed higher education attainment and labor market access, particularly for women, who are disadvantaged on both accounts. We use the 2011 Population and Housing Census and employ a difference-in-differences estimation strategy. We find that the…

Purpose: This paper analyzes the impact of agricultural extension on the production of Brazilian family farmers, breaking down differences among extension providers. Design/Methodology/Approach: An Output Distance Function was estimated for Brazilian family farming using 5,463 municipality-level observations from the 2017 Brazilian Agricultural…

To promote understanding of and interest in working with data among diverse student populations, we developed and studied a high school mathematics curriculum module that examines income inequality in the United States. Designed as a multi-week set of applied data investigations, the module supports student analyses of income inequality using U.S.…

Researchers were already expecting a gradual enrollment slowdown before the onset of COVID-19. Public school enrollment edged up only 2% between 2012 and 2019, holding near 50 million students (NCES 2024), while the U.S. total fertility rate had slipped to 1.71 births per woman--well below the replacement level--foreshadowing a smaller school-age…

This appendix supports the report, "Declining Public School Enrollment," which provides detailed estimates of recent shifts in public school enrollment. This analysis uses data from the Common Core of Data of the National Center for Education Statistics ("CCD"), the Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates of the Census Bureau…

This study provides new evidence on the advance of literacy in Spain during the period 1860-1930. A novel dataset, built with historical information from the Spanish population censuses (over 8000 municipalities), enables this process to be described in detail from the end of the "Ancien Régime" to the Second Republic. The study thus…

Broadband is not equally accessible among students despite its increasing importance to education. We investigate the relationship between broadband and housing policy by joining two measures of broadband access with Depression-era redlining maps that classified neighborhoods based in part on racist and classist beliefs. We find that despite…

Research suggests that wellbeing correlates with learning outcomes, but understanding the direction and nature of this relationship, and how to ensure positive outcomes, is still something we are seeking to understand. The Australian Education Research Organisation (AERO) investigated whether systems and schools are measuring wellbeing components…

The U.S. Census Bureau is the federal government's largest statistical agency. Located within the Department of Commerce, their mission is to serve as the leading provider of quality data about the nation's people and economy. However, when most people hear the word "census," they associate it with an enumeration of the population…

The Articles of Confederation were adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and went into effect in 1781. They were soon found inadequate for smooth governmental operations, particularly as they related to the functioning of the federal government. As a result, a Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17,…

What do people think of when they hear the word "census"? For some, the word prompts them to think of representation in Congress; others think of genealogy and family history. For still others, the census is viewed as something strange or foreboding. Yet for teachers and students, census records can help create a meaningful and relevant…

Apprenticeship programs provide valuable training and on-the-job experience required for developing the skills and knowledge of tradespersons in Canada. While not all trades require certification to work in Canada, becoming a certified journeyperson--either through completing an apprenticeship program or qualifying as a trade qualifier-- often…

Despite the increasing ethnic diversity of England's school-age population, academic literature on ethnic school segregation remains small, dated and hindered by methodological challenges. This study seeks to address these issues by measuring ethnic school segregation between 2006-2019 using two methodological innovations. Firstly, it is the first…

In addition to providing a framework for publishing a wide variety of demographic and economic data, geography also plays a critical role in the management of census field operations. Before the innovation of geographic information systems, the process of defining and mapping sub-county enumeration areas was entirely dependent on paper maps…